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You can communicate with turtleSpaces over a socket (telnet) connection to port 1967.

First you need to issue the API command inside of turtleSpaces to enable API connections, or use the -enable-api flag when starting up.

Then connect to turtleSpaces from an external application or terminal. You can issue instructions to affect turtles and the environment just like you would do inside the turtleSpaces application.

The API connection executes as its own worker. You can also redirect input and output to the API instance by using setread “api and setwrite “api – but these must be issued by the API worker itself to redirect to that worker (if you use another API connection, reading and writing will be redirected to that API instance, for example).

Using the API, you can use turtleSpaces as a visualiser for another application, and have it act as a light organ, or create charts and graphs.

 

TO snake
  
    
  ;setup:
  
  reset
  ;empties (erases) all containers (variables),
  ;returns the turtles to their default positions,
  ;restores their states to defaults
  
  release
  ;sets all the turtles, except for the default ones
  ;(myrtle, snappy, libby) 'free' - erasing them
  
  penup
  ;don't draw
  
  setbackgroundcolor lightblue
  
  hideturtle
  ;don't show the executing turtle (typically myrtle)
  
  stealth
  ;don't show up in output from the near primitive
  
  noaudiowait
  ;don't delay when playing sounds (the default)
  
  print |Use keys J and K to turn snake, eat apples!|
  ;print instructions to the screen
  
  ;create the 'ground'
  setfillcolor brown
  setpos [-185 -115]
  lower 5
  quad 185 * 2 115 * 2
  
  make "score 0
  make "length 8
  ;the default snake length, in segments
  
  make "queue empty
  ;this snake implementation uses a push / pull queue
  ;to keep track of the snake's turns
  
  repeat :length [push "fd "queue]
  ;all segments start moving forward
  
  newmodel "ball [setfillcolor 12 icosphere 5]
  newmodel "head [setfillcolor 4 icosphere 6]
  newmodel "apple [setfillcolor red icosphere 4]
  ;create turtle models, where ball is a non-head segment
  
  ;create the turtles that make up the starting snake:
  repeat :length [
    nameturtle repcount
    ;create a new turtle
    ;each segment has the number of its segment as its name
    
    control repcount {"wrap "penup "back repcount "* 10 "showturtle}
    ;initialize the new turtle and move it into position
    ;{} denotes a 'softlist', a list whose contents are evaluated
    ;at execution
    
    control repcount [
      setbounds [-185 -115 185 115]
    ]
    ;sets the bounds used for wrapping. [] denotes a 'hardlist', a
    ;list whose contents are fixed and not evaluated
    
    if repcount = 1 [control 1 [setmodel "head]]
    ;if this is the first segment, give it the 'head' model
    else [control repcount [setmodel "ball]]
    ;otherwise, give it the 'ball' (segment) model
  ]
  
  ;set up the 'apple' turtle:
  nameturtle "apple
  control "apple [
    penup setmodel "apple showturtle
    
    dountil (count near position 5) = 1 [
      setpos {-180 + (10 * random 36) -100 + (10 * random 20)}
    ]
  ]
  ;set a random position until such times as the apple is not near
  ;any snake segments (turtles)
  
  ;leading parameters used in comparison operators (=, >, < etc)
  ;must be enclosed in {}'s if more than a single value or primitive
  ;because the parser evaluates right to left
  
  ;the main loop:
  
  forever [
    norender
    ;don't render while we shuffle the snake forward
    
    for {"i 1 :length} [
      make "move item :i :queue
      ;set the move variable to the :i item in the :queue
      
      switch "move
      case "fd [ask :i [forward 10]]
      case "rt [ask :i [right 90 forward 10]]
      case "lt [ask :i [left 90 forward 10]]
      ;switch / case statements execute instructions based on the
      ;contents of the container (variable) provided to switch
      
      ;ask creates a new worker that executes the commands using
      ;the specified turtle (the turtle named by :i)
      ;so, in this for loop we are iterating through the :queue,
      ;moving the turtle segments based on the item present in
      ;each space in the queue (fd, rt or lt)
    ]
    while workers != [] [sleep 1]
    ;sleep execution until the ask workers finish moving their
    ;turtles (the snake). This way, when we enable the render,
    ;we won't catch the snake mid-move.
    
    render
    ;enable rendering again
    
    wait 40 - :score
    ;wait units are 60ths of a second. The higher the score, the
    ;shorter the wait will be
    
    ;user control:
    if keyp [
      ;did the user press a key? If so, do this stuff:
      
      make "input readchar
      ;take the output from the readchar primitive and place it
      ;into the input container. keyp indicates if there is a character
      ;already in the keyboard buffer. If readchar is called when there
      ;is no character in the buffer, it waits.
      
      switch "input
      case "j [push "lt "queue]
      ;if the user pressed the j key, push lt to the front of the queue
      case "k [push "rt "queue]
      ;if the user pressed the k key, push rt to the front of the queue
      otherwise [push "fd "queue]
      ;if no case has been satisfied since switch (the user pressed a key
      ;other than j or k), push fd to the front of the queue
    ]
    else [push "fd "queue]
    ;similarly, if the user hasn't pressed any key, push fd to the front
    ;of the queue
    
    ignore dequeue "queue
    ;ignore (drop) the last value off the end of the :queue
    ;dequeue would ordinarily return this value, ignore sends it into
    ;the ether
    
    ;is there something occupying the same space as the head of the snake?
    if (count (near 1:position 5)) > 1 [
      ;near returns the names of the turtles within the specified distance (5)
      ;count returns the count of the number of turtles returned by near
      ;if there is more than one (the head itself), we will execute the following:
      
      if memberp "apple near 1:position 5 [
        ;is it an apple?
        
        playsound "chomp
        inc "score
        ;increment the value in the score container by one
        
        (print |Yum! Score:| :score)
        ;to pass more than the default number of parameters to a primitive, wrap
        ;it in parentheses (round brackets)
        
        dountil (count near apple:position 5) = 1 [
          control "apple [setpos {-180 + (10 * random 36) -100 + (10 * random 20)}]
        ]
        ;place a new apple
        
        repeat 2 + int (:score / 10) [
          
          queue "pa "queue
          ;a pa or 'pass' will cause these new segments not to move on the next
          ;iteration, until movement commands are 'shuffled' on to their places
          ;in the queue
          
          inc "length
          ;increment the value of the length container by one
          
          nameturtle :length
          ;create a new turtle with the name contained in :length (the new length)
          
          (control :length {"hideturtle "setmodel ""ball "wrap "penup "setpos
          "query :length - 1 leftbracket "position rightbracket "setvectors
          "query :length - 1 leftbracket "vectors rightbracket})
          ;set up the new turtle and make sure it's positioned next to the
          ;previously last turtle, and is facing in the same direction
          
          control :length [setbounds [-185 -115 185 115] showturtle]
          ;set the bounds of the new turtle and show it
          
          wait 10
        ]
        ;add new segment to the snake
        
      ]
      
      ;and if it's not an apple?
      else [
        print "crash! playsound "crash finish
      ]
      ;game over, man! game over!
    ]
  ]
END

TO spiraltunnelanimation
  reset fullscreen
  setbackgroundcolor 0
  dropanchor penup
  raise 190 pullout 50
  
  repeat 2100 [
    setfillshade -15 + int (repcount / 65)
    
    setfillcolor (item 1 + remainder int (repcount / 2.35) 8
    {red orange yellow green lightgreen cyan blue magenta})
    
    voxeloid 7 12 20
    
    orbitleft 10.1 lower 0.6
  ]
  
  home lower 3000
  setmodelscale 2.5
  down 90 right 180
  make "dir 0
  snappy:setanchor [0 0 -1050]
  
  forever [
    forward 2 rollright 0.1
    if zpos > 1500 [setz -3000]
    snappy:rollleft 0.05 snappy:pullin 0.1
    
    if and :dir = 0 snappy:orbitdistance = 0 [
      make "dir 1
      snappy:right 180
      setbackgroundcolor 15
      snappy:setanchor [0 0 180]
    ]
    
    if and :dir = 1 snappy:orbitdistance = 0 [
      make "dir 0
      snappy:right 180
      setbackgroundcolor 0
      snappy:setanchor [0 0 -1050]
    ]
  ]
END

Logo is great for creating art! And 3D Logo makes it even better.

Many of these Logo artworks were inspired by examples created by Seymour Papert’s daughter Artemis Papert using the two-dimensional block-based TurtleArt application developed by LCSI Logo developer Brian Silverman. We’re grateful for both of their efforts in advancing Logo over the past several decades!

TO adobo
  reset setpenwidth 5 definecolor 16 [0 0 0]
  setpc 16 setbg 1 setbs 12 pu
  repeat 9 [
    repeat 10 [
      setpos {-120 + 20 * repcount -120 + 20 * repabove 1}
      setz -2 + 0.01 * random 400
      setfc pick [8 9 13]
      setfs -13 + random 10
      setheading -5 + random 11
      square 40 box 40
    ]
  ]
END

TO brush
  reset setbg 8
  setpenwidth 5 setbs 11
  
  repeat 300 [
    setpc pick [1 8 9 11]
    setps -10 + random 20
    pu
    setpos {-200 + random 400 -100 + random 200}
    rt random 360 pd
    repeat 20 + random 50 [
      make "stroke 30 + random 150
      fd :stroke rt -0.5 + 0.1 * random 10
      bk :stroke + random 2 lt -0.5 + 0.1 * random 10
    ]
    ra 0.01
  ]
END

TO bundles
  reset randbg
  repeat 40 [
    pu setpos {-200 + random 400 -100 + random 200}
    setpenwidth 4  pd
    lt random 360
    make "head heading
    repeat 2 [
      randpc
      repeat 90 [
        make "stroke 50 + random 5
        setps -10 + random 20
        fd :stroke
        bk 2 * :stroke
        fd :stroke
        rt 0.1 * random 20
        up -2 + (0.1 * random 40)]
      setheading :head
    ]
  ]
END

TO burst
  reset  pu
  make "colors {yellow orange red magenta blue}
  repeat 5 [
    setpc item repcount :colors
    setmarkerwidth repcount
    make "count repcount
    repeat 50 [
      rt random 360 mark :count * (20 + random 10)
      setpos [0 0]] lo repcount
  ]
END

TO caduceus
  reset  setpenwidth 5 pu
  repeat 4 [
    setpc item repcount [13 9 1 8]
    ra repcount * 2
    bk 120 pd
    repeat 100 [
      fd 1.4 + 0.1 * repabove 1
      rt 7.5 * sin 270 + 10 * repcount
    ]
    repeat 75 [
      fd 2.5 + 0.5 * repabove 1
      lt 0.5 * repcount
    ]
    pu home rr 180 * repcount
  ]
END

TO cards
  reset  pu
  repeat 1000 [
    setpos {-200 + random 400 -100 + random 200}
    rt random 360
    make "sizex 10 + random 20
    make "sizey 10 + random 20
    setfc 2 setfs 13
    quad :sizex + 2 :sizey + 2
    sr 1 fd 1 ra 0.01
    setfc pick [2 3 7 14]
    setfs -5 + random 10
    quad :sizex :sizey
    ra 0.01
  ]
END

TO citylights
  reset pu  setbg 2 setbs 10
  repeat 200 [
    setpos {-200 + random 400 -100 + random 200}
    rt random 360 make "size 20 + random 50
    setfc pick [1 9 13 7] lo 0.01
    until :size = 0 [
      randfs spot 0.05 * :size
      fd 5 lo 0.01 dec "size
    ]
  ]
END

TO dotcube
  cs seticosphereiterations 1 pu
  repeat 9 [
    repeat 9 [
      repeat 9 [
        setposition {-100 + 20 * repabove 2 -100 + 20 * repabove 1 -100 + 20 * repcount}
        setfc repabove 1 setfs repcount ico 2
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO dotspiral
  Reset setbg 13 setfc 9 cs
  repeat 1400 [
    pu fd repcount / 10
    spot repcount / 250
    rt 35
  ]
END

TO fireworks
  cs setpenwidth 5
  repeat 60 [
    pu home
    rt random 360
    randpc pd
    fd 30 + random 50
    repeat 50 [
      run pick [[pu][pd]]
      fd 2]
  ]
END

TO fish
  reset wrap
  setbounds [-180 -120 180 120]
  setbg 1 setbs 12
  pu setpos [-170 75]
  repeat 12 [
    setpenwidth 4 rt 44.5
    repeat 10 [
      sl 1
      repeat 3 [
        setpc item repcount [13 1 13]
        if repcount = 2 [ra 0.2]
        if repcount = 3 [lo 0.2]
        pd fd 50 pu bk 50 pu sr 1
      ]
      sl 2 rt 10
    ]
    setfc 1 ico 1 st
    lt 54.5 sr 13 fd 60
    lt 90
  ]
END

TO gaia
  reset setbg 2 setpenwidth 5  setpc 1
  repeat 5 [
    setpc item repcount [8 1 9 13 15]
    setorigin {0 0 2 * repcount}
    repeat 20 [
      pu home pd rt repcount * 18
      repeat 80 [
        fd 0.9 + ((repabove 2) * 0.1)
        rt 8 * sin (repcount * 8)
      ]
      lt 7.5
      repeat 5 [
        fd 20 pu bk 20 rt 15 pd
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO gradient
  cs pu
  repeat 30 [
    setfs -15 + repcount quad repcount 200 lo 0.01 sl 0.5
  ]
END

TO gridart
  reset
  randbg
  randfc
  pu
  
  setpos [-210 113]
  repeat 31 [
    for [i 1 57] [
      spot 3.5 * sin ((:i + repcount) * 2)
      sr 7.5
    ]
    sl 57 * 7.5
    bk 7.5
  ]
END

TO gridartico
  cs
  seticosphereiterations 1
  pu
  
  setpos [-210 113]
  repeat 31 [
    for [i 1 57] [
      ico 3.5 * sin ((:i + repcount) * 2)
      sr 7.5
    ]
    sl 57 * 7.5
    bk 7.5
  ]
END

TO gridartshade
  reset randbg randfc pu
  setpos [-210 113]
  repeat 31 [
    for [i 1 57] [
      setfs int (10 * (sin ((:i + repcount) * 2)))
      spot 3.5
      sr 7.5
    ]
    sl 57 * 7.5 bk 7.5
  ]
END

TO gridartwave :size
  cs
  seticosphereiterations 1
  pu
  
  setpos [-210 113]
  repeat 31 [
    for [i 1 57] [
      make "sin 3.5 * sin ((:i + repcount) * 2)
      ra :size * :sin
      ico :sin
      lo :size * :sin
      sr 7.5]
    sl 57 * 7.5
    bk 7.5
  ]
END

TO guessing
  Reset setspeed 5 setbg 9 setbs 3 setpenwidth 5
  repeat 8 [
    pu home ra repcount rt repcount * 45 pd
    repeat 22 [
      if repcount < 4 [
        setpc 8 setps 9 - (3 * repcount)] [
        setpc 13 setps (penshade - 1) + random 3
      ]
      repeat 360 [fd 1 - (0.015 * repabove 1) rt 1]
      pu sr 0.02 pd
    ]
  ]
END

TO heat
  cs pu
  repeat 10 [
    setfc pick [1 9 13]
    setpos {-170 + (repcount * 30) -120}
    up 90
    repeat 80 [
      cylinder 0.1 * repcount 1.6 10
      sr sin (repcount * 10)
      lo 1.5
    ]
    repeat 80 [
      cylinder 0.1 * (80 - repcount) 1.6 10
      sr sin ((80 + repcount) * 10)
      lo 1.5
    ]
    dn 90
  ]
END

TO heat2
  cs pu
  repeat 10 [
    setfc pick [1 9 13]
    setpos {-170 + (repcount * 30) -120}
    up 90
    repeat 80 [
      cylinder 0.1 * repcount 1.6 10
      sr sin (repcount * 10)
      lo 1.5
    ]
    repeat 80 [
      cylinder 0.1 * (80 - repcount) 1.6 10
      sr sin ((80 + repcount) * 10)
      lo 1.5
    ]
    dn 90 rr 180
  ]
END

TO hedgehog
  reset  setfc 1 pu ra 1 spot 20 setpc 13
  repeat 36 [
    home dropanchor tether pullout 18
    orbitleft repcount * 10 rt 225
    setmarkerwidth 0.1 * random 20
    mark 30 + random 80
  ]
END

TO funnybird :col1 :col2
  rl 90 setfc :col1 icospheroid 20 0.5
  pu rr 90 fd 5 sr 12 lt 30
  cylindroidarc 10 15 20 30 10 0.3
  fd 10 sr 15 ra 2
  setfc :col2 ico 3 lo 3.5 ico 3 ra 1.75
  bk 10 dn 90 lt 90
  domoid 10 8 20 0.3 fd 30 sl 7 rt 90
  icospheroid 8 2 fd 14
  icospheroid 8 2 bk 7 rr 30 rr 10 up 10
  cylinder 2 35 20 lo 40 rr 180 lt 90 dn 10
  domoid 7 10 10 0.5 oval 3.5 7 up 10 rt 90
  rl 180 ra 35 dn 20 rl 20
  cylinder 2 35 20 lo 40 rr 180 lt 90 up 10
  domoid 7 10 10 0.5 oval 3.5 7
END

TO hiding
  reset setpenwidth 5 pu
  sl 30 funnybird 1 9 home
  ra 20 rr 180 sl 30 up 10
  funnybird 13 8 rl 180 fd 20
  sr 20 spot 100 sl 40 up 90
  rl 90 sl 60 pd setpc 13
  pushturtle
  repeat 50 [
    popturtle
    pushturtle
    pu sr repcount * 2
    pd lt -10 + random 30
    setpc pick [8 9 13]
    setfs -10 + random 20
    raise -2 + random 6
    repeat 70 + random 30 [fd 1 rt 0.7]
  ]
  ht
END

TO icicles
  reset pu up 90
  repeat 20 [
    setpos {-210 + (20 * repcount) 115}
    make "size 20 + random 15 randfc
    repeat :size [
      cylinder 0.2 * (:size - repcount) 0.6 + (:size / 5) 20
      ra 0.5 + (:size / 5)
    ]
  ]
END

TO moon
  reset lt 120
  repeat 180 [fd 1 rt 1]
  rt 150
  repeat 180 [fd 0.774 lt 0.676]
  pu fd 30 pd
  repeat 3 [
    repeat 5 [
      fd 20 bk 40 fd 20 rt 36
    ]
    pu rt 180 sl 40 fd 40 pd
  ]
  ht
END

TO needles
  reset
  repeat 5 [
    repeat 10 [
      pu setpos {-240 + 80 * repabove 1 126 - repcount * 23}
      pushturtle rr 90 up -15 + random 30 randfc
      cylinder 1 30 10 rr 180 cylinder 1 30 10 popturtle
    ]
  ]
END

TO nest
  reset setspeed 1
  repeat 3 [
    setpc item repcount [9 8 4]
    repeat 18 [
      pu home raise 2 * repabove 1
      rt 7 * repabove 1 rt repcount * 20
      setps -5 up 10 pd
      mark 50 + 2 * repabove 1
      repeat 4 [
        setps penshade + 2
        repeat 90 [
          pu bk 0.1 pd mark 0.2 + 0.1 * repabove 1
          rt 2 up 1
        ]
        setpenshade penshade + 1
        repeat 90 [
          pu bk 0.1 pd
          mark 0.2 + 0.1 * repabove 1
          lt 2 up 1
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  setfc 7 pu home ra 17 icospheroid 10 2 ht
END

TO notnot
  reset pu sl 10 lt 40 setpc 15 setbg 1
  setmarkerwidth 10 repeat 360 [
    mark 1.1 bk 0.1 lt 1
  ]
  lt 90 mark 115 home sr 90 fd 25 rt 40
  repeat 360 [
    mark 0.8 bk 0.1 lt 1
  ]
  lt 90 mark 80
END

TO orangepeel
  reset setpenwidth 8 setbs 3
  setbg 13 setpc 9 setps 0
  repeat 5 [
    pu home
    setpos {-240 + repcount * 50 113}
    rt 100
    repeat 10 [
      sr 1.5 fd 1 pd setps -5 + repcount
      repeat 100 [
        if divisorp 10 repcount [
          setps penshade + 1
        ]
        fd 2.75 rt repcount
      ] lt 10
    ]
  ]
END

TO patio
  cs pu setpos [-87.5 85] setfc 13
  repeat 5 [
    repeat 6 [
      setfillshade -10 + random 21
      make "offset random 10
      lt 50 - :offset
      polyspot 20 4
      rt 50 - :offset
      sr 35
    ]
    sl 210 bk 35
  ]
END

TO peaks
  reset  ht pu bk 125 setbg 2
  repeat 3 [
    setfs 0 setfc 13
    fiso 100 250
    setfc 7 setfs repcount * 3
    ra 0.1
    fiso 75 200
    sl 120 lo 50 bk 30
  ]
  home bk 125 sr 120 lo 50 bk 30
  repeat 2 [
    setfc 13 setfs 0 fiso 100 250
    setfs 3 + repcount * 3
    setfc 7 ra 0.1 fiso 75 200
    sr 120 lo 50 bk 30
  ]
  setpenwidth 5 home setpos [140 80]
  setpc 13
  repeat 36 [
    pd fd 35 pu bk 35 rt 10
  ]
END

TO pinwheel
  reset twosided
  pu setbg 2
  setfc 14 setpc 7
  repeat 2 [
    setpc item repcount [7 11]
    setfc item repcount [14 13]
    pu home rt repcount * 45
    bk 10
    repeat 100 [
      fd 40 + repcount * 1.2
      lt 90 fd 10 lt 92 fd 10
      frag lt 90
    ]
  ]
END

TO postits
  reset pu
  repeat 10 [
    repeat 10 [
      setpos {-120 + 20 * repcount -120 + 20 * repabove 1}
      randfc
      setheading -5 + random 11
      square 20 ra 0.1
    ]
  ]
END

TO rainbow
  reset setpenwidth 10  pu sl 225 bk 125 lt 10 pd
  repeat 500 [
    foreach "col {red orange yellow green blue lightblue magenta} [
      setpc :col fd 0.5 * (0.1 * (10 + repcount))
    ]
    pu bk (0.5 * (7 * (0.1 * (10 + repcount))))
    sr 1 fd 0.2 * (sin (0.5 * (repcount + 100)))
    pd
  ]
END

TO redonpink
  reset setpc 1 setbg 11 setbs -5
  pu setfc 1
  repeat 1000 [
    setpos {-220 + random 440 -120 + random 240}
    ra 0.001 setfo 50 setfs -15 + random 10
    spot 5 + random 5
  ]
  setorigin [-50 -30 2]
  repeat 16 [
    setmarkerwidth 3 home dropanchor
    pullout 10 orbitleft repcount * 22.5
    rt 180
    repeat 70 [
      setmarkerwidth markerwidth - 0.02
      bk 0.1 mark 1 rt 2
    ]
    repeat 70 [
      setmarkerwidth markerwidth - 0.02
      bk 0.1 mark 2 lt 2
    ]
  ]
END

TO roses
  reset setpenwidth 5
  repeat 3 [
    pu setpos {-190 + (repcount * repcount) * 30 -90 + repcount * 50}
    pd make "size 0.05 * (repcount / 2)
    setpc item repcount [1 9 13]
    repeat 9 [
      repeat 100 [
        fd repcount *  :size rt 10
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO slats
  reset
  setorigin [-260 -120]
  repeat 23 [
    pu setps -7 + repcount
    home sr 20 * repcount
    setmarkerwidth 18 rt 10
    mark 250
  ]
END

TO slats2
  reset
  setorigin [-260 -120]
  repeat 23 [
    pu setps -7 + repcount
    home setpc pick [8 9 13]
    sr 20 * repcount
    setmarkerwidth 18 rt 10
    mark 250
  ]
END

TO snake
  CS PU RANDFC
  BK 110 UP 90
  repeat 80 [
    cylinder 0.1 * repcount 1.6 10
    sr sin (repcount * 10)
    lo 1.5
  ]
  repeat 60 [
    cylinder 0.1 * (80 - repcount) 1.6 10
    sr sin ((80 + repcount) * 10)
    lo 1.5
  ]
  DN 90 RT 60 ICOSPHEROID 5 2 SL 7 FD 3
  RANDFC ICO 1 BK 6 ICO 1 HT
END

TO snakes
  CS PU RANDFC
  repeat 10 [
    home setpos {-170 + (repcount * 30) -110}
    up 90 repeat 80 [
      cylinder 0.1 * repcount 1.6 10 sr sin (repcount * 10) lo 1.5
    ]
    repeat 60 [
      cylinder 0.1 * (80 - repcount) 1.6 10
      sr sin ((80 + repcount) * 10) lo 1.5
    ]
    DN 90 RT 60 ICOSPHEROID 5 2 SL 7 FD 3
    RANDFC ICO 1 BK 6 ICO 1
  ]
  HT
END

TO solar
  reset  repeat 5 [
    setpc item repcount [1 8 9 13 15]
    repeat 18 [
      pu home raise 2 * repabove 1
      rt repabove 1 rt repcount * 20
      setps 0 pd mark 50
      repeat 5 [
        setps penshade + 1
        repeat 90 [
          mark 0.2 + 0.1 * repabove 1 rt 2
        ]
        setpenshade penshade + 1
        repeat 90 [
          mark 0.2 + 0.1 * repabove 1 lt 2
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO solar2
  reset setspeed 5
  repeat 5 [
    setpc item repcount [1 8 9 13 15]
    repeat 18 [
      pu home raise 2 * repabove 1
      rt 3 * repabove 1
      rt repcount * 20
      setps 0 pd
      mark 50
      repeat 5 [
        setps penshade + 1
        repeat 90 [
          mark 0.2 + 0.1 * repabove 1 rt 2
        ]
        setpenshade penshade + 1
        repeat 90 [
          mark 0.2 + 0.1 * repabove 1 lt 2
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO solar3
  reset           setspeed 5
  repeat 5 [
    setpc item repcount [1 8 9 13 15]
    repeat 18 [
      pu home raise 2 * repabove 1
      rt 4 * repabove 1
      rt repcount * 20 setps 0
      pd mark 50
      repeat 5 [
        setps penshade + 1
        repeat 90 [
          mark 0.2 + 0.1 * repabove 1
          rt 2
        ]
        setpenshade penshade + 1
        repeat 90 [
          mark 0.2 + 0.1 * repabove 1 lt 2
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO sparks
  reset setpenwidth random 10
  randbs randbg
  repeat 5 [
    pu setposition {-200 + random 400 -100 + random 200 -100 + random 100}
    setorigin position randpc randps
    repeat 30 [
      rt random 360 pd
      while (and xpos < 300 xpos > -300 ypos < 180 ypos > -180) [fd 1 lt 0.2]
      pu home
    ]
  ]
END

TO spiralart
  reset
  snappy:pullin 100
  pu
  randbg
  sl 40
  rr 90
  bk 10
  repeat 2 [
    randfc
    repeat 2800 [
      tube 2 repcount / 400 6
      lo repcount / 500
      up 2
    ]
    pu home
    fd 10 sr 40 rl 90
  ]
  ht
END

TO spirallights
  reset  setpenwidth 5
  repeat 5 [
    make "ypos 130 - (40 * repcount)
    randpc
    repeat 10 [
      pu setpos {-220 + (40 * repcount) :ypos}
      pd
      repeat 100 [
        setps -10 + int (repcount / 5)
        fd repcount / 10 rt 30
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO spirallightsorange
  reset  setbg 8
  setbs 13 setpenwidth 5
  repeat 5 [
    make "ypos 130 - (40 * repcount)
    repeat 10 [
      pu setpc pick [1 8 9 13]
      setpos {-220 + (40 * repcount) :ypos}
      pd
      repeat 100 [
        setps -10 + int (repcount / 5)
        fd repcount / 10
        rt 30
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO spirallightsorange3d
  reset  setbg 8 setbs 13
  setpenwidth 5
  repeat 5 [
    make "ypos 130 - (40 * repcount)
    repeat 10 [
      pu setpc pick [1 8 9 13]
      setposition {-220 + (40 * repcount) :ypos 0}
      pd
      repeat 100 [
        setps -10 + int (repcount / 5)
        fd repcount / 10 rt 30 dn 2
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO splash
  reset setspeed 5 setpenwidth 5
  repeat 144 [
    pu home rt repcount * 2.5 dn 75 pd
    repeat 400 [
      up 5 * (sin (repcount * 4))
      setps -15 + (repcount / 12)
      fd .4
    ]
  ]
  pu home
END

TO splash2
  reset setspeed 5 setpenwidth 5
  repeat 144 [
    pu home rt repcount * 2.5 dn 75 pd
    repeat 400 [
      up 5 * (sin (repcount * 4))
      rt sin repcount
      setps -15 + (repcount / 12)
      fd .4
    ]
  ]
  pu home
END

TO splash3
  reset setspeed 5 setpenwidth 5
  repeat 144 [
    pu home rt repcount * 2.5 dn 75 pd
    repeat 400 [
      up 5 * (sin (repcount * 4))
      rt sin repcount
      rr sin repcount
      setps -15 + (repcount / 12)
      fd .4]
  ]
  pu home
END

TO splash4
  reset setspeed 5 setpenwidth 5 setpc 1
  repeat 144 [
    pu home rt repcount * 2.5 dn 75 pd
    repeat 400 [
      up 5 * (sin (repcount * 4))
      rt sin repcount
      rr sin repcount * 2
      setps -15 + (repcount / 12)
      fd .4]
  ]
  pu home
END

TO spotwave
  cs  pu
  repeat 32 [
    setpos {-220 205 - (repcount * 10)}
    repeat 45 [
      setfc pick [2 3 5 6 7 10 14 15]
      spot 5 sr 10
      fd -2 + sin (repcount * 10)
    ]
  ]
END

TO stickman :size
  lt 45 setmarkerwidth :size / 3
  repeat 2 [
    lt 90 mark :size * 5 spot :size
    bk :size * 5] lt 135 mark :size * 2
  lt 45 repeat 2 [
    mark :size * 5 spot :size bk :size * 5 rt 90
  ]
  lt 135 mark :size * 5
  spot :size * 2 pu bk :size * 10
END

TO stickmen
  reset pu sl 80 fd 20
  repeat 3 [
    randfc setpc fillcolor
    stickman repcount * 3
    pu sr 80 ra 20
  ]
END

TO stormy
  reset  pu setpos [-230 -120]
  repeat 8 [
    setpc item repcount [2 6 7 14 1 8 9 13]
    repeat 160 [
      pushturtle rt 45 bk random 20
      randps mark 50 + random 20
      popturtle pu
      sr 2.5 + random 5 ra 0.01
    ]
    ra 0.1 pu
    setpos {-230 -120 + repcount * 30}
  ]
END

TO swirl
  reset pu bk 20 sr 40 setpc 1
  setbg 13 setbs -10 setorigin position pd
  repeat 12 [
    repeat 30 [
      setropewidth 6.1 - (repcount / 5)
      rope 4 bk 0.2 rt 6 bk 0.2
    ]
    pu home rt repcount * 30 pd
  ]
  ht
END

TO thicket3
  reset  setbg 2 setpenwidth 5  setpc 1
  repeat 8 [
    setpc item repcount [8 1 9 4 12 13 14 15]
    repeat 20 [
      pu setposition {-200 + (repcount * 20) 0 5 + repabove 1}
      up 25 pd
      repeat 80 [
        fd 0.9 + ((repabove 2) * 0.1)
        rt 8 * sin (repcount * 8)
      ]
      lt 7.5
      repeat 5 [
        fd 20 pu bk 20 rt 15 pd
      ]
    ]
  ]
END

TO twomoons
  reset
  setorigin [-23 -23 0]
  repeat 2 [
    setpc item repcount [7 2]
    repeat 36 [
      pu home dropanchor
      pullout 10 * repabove 1
      orbitleft repcount * 10
      rt 180 pd
      if oddp repcount [fd 40 * repabove 1] [fd 20 * repabove 1]
    ]
    setorigin [30 30 -20]
  ]
END

TO vase
  reset setpenwidth 5  pu fd 50 sl 50 pd rt 135
  repeat 40 [fd 1 rt 2]
  repeat 125 [fd 1 lt 1]
  lt 5 quad 80 220 rt 180 rr 180
  quad 80 220 rr 180 rt 185
  repeat 125 [fd 1 lt 1]
  repeat 40 [fd 1 rt 2]
  pu home bk 70 lt 15 setpc 15
  repeat 6 [
    pushturtle pd fd 150 + random 20
    setfc pick [1 8 9 11] ra 0.1
    spot 5 popturtle rt 6
  ]
END

TO weave
  reset  wrap
  repeat 30000 [
    fd 1 rt
    sin repcount
    if divisorp 1000 repcount [randpc]
  ]
END

TO zig
  reset  setbg pick [1 8 9 13]
  setbs 10 setpenwidth 10
  repeat 200 [
    ra 0.1 pu
    setpos {-220 + random 440 -120 + random 240}
    rt random 360 setpc pick [1 8 9 13]
    setps -15 + random 10
    repeat 50 [
      pd fd 50 + random 3 lt random 3 bk 50 + random 3
      rt random 3 setps penshade + (-1 + random 3)
    ]
  ]
  pu setpos [-100 -50]
  setheading 300 pd setpc 1
  setps 5 ra 1
  repeat 15 [
    bk 0.2 fd 20 rt 140
    bk 0.2 fd 20 lt 132.5
  ]
END

TO zigzag
  reset setbg 8 setbs 0 setpenwidth 5
  
  repeat 360 [
    pu home pd rt repcount * 1 lt 45
    setpc pick [1 5 7 9]
    repeat 20 [
      fd repcount rt 90
      fd repcount lt 90
    ]
  ]
END

TO zigzag3d
  reset setbg 8 setbs 0 setpenwidth 5
  repeat 360 [
    pu home pd rt repcount * 1
    lt 45 up 45 setpc pick [1 5 7 9]
    repeat 20 [
      fd repcount rt 90 fd repcount lt 90
    ]
  ]
END

Let’s make a rocket ship kind of like the Saturn V used in the moon landings!

TO rocket
  
  ;step [rocket]
  
  ;uncomment step line above to 'step through'
  ;building the rocket. You will need to call
  ;rocket twice
  
  clearscreen
  penup
  
  up 90
  
  setfillcolor red
  cone 10 30 12
  ;create the nose cone
  
  ;cone takes three parameters:
  ;radius, depth (or height) and sides
  
  ;So in this case, a radius of 10 turtle
  ;units, a depth of 30 turtle units, and
  ;12 sides.

  ;the cone is created under the turtle
  
  down 180
  ;flip over
  
  setfillcolor white
  cylinder 10 50 12
  ;create the body
  
  ;cylinder takes three parameters:
  ;radius, depth and sides, like cone
  
  ;the cylinder is created under the turtle
  ;similarly to cone
  lower 50
  ;lowers the turtle, like as if going
  ;down in an elevator
  
  ;same as: down 90 forward 50 up 90
  
  setfillcolor blue
  cutcone 10 15 20 12
  ;create the base
  
  ;cutcone creates a truncated cone
  ;cutcone takes four parameters:
  ;near radius, far radius, depth and sides

  ;like cone, the cut cone is created under
  ;the turtle
  
  ;begin APOLLO inscription
  
  up 90
  raise 11
  ;going up! (like in an elevator)
  
  settypedepth 5
  settypesize 6
  slideright 3
  ;same as right 90 forward 3 left 90
  
  inscribe |  APOLLO|
  ;incribe prints text in front of the turtle
  ;without moving it.
  ;compare with typeset which prints to the right
  ;and moves the turtle.
  
  slideleft 3
  ;same as left 90 forward 3 right 90
  
  lower 11
  ;going down!
  
  down 90
  ;not the same as lower, which lowers
  ;down tilts the turtle down
  
  ;end of APOLLO inscription
  
  ;begin fins:
  lower 20
  up 90
  setfillcolor grey
  twosided
  ;light both sides of surfaces
  
  rat 40 lat 40
  ;create a triangle to the right,
  ;(Right Angle Triangle = rat)
  ;and a triangle to the left
  ;(Left-facing right Angle Triangle = lat)
  
  rollright 90
  setfillcolor lightblue
  rat 40 lat 40
  rollleft 90  down 90
  ;end fins
  
  ;begin rockets
  forward 8
  setfillcolor yellow
  cylinder 5 5 10
  back 16
  cylinder 5 5 10
  forward 8
  slideleft 8
  cylinder 5 5 10
  slideright 16
  cylinder 5 5 10
  ;end rockets
  
  ;begin fire
  setfillcolor orange
  lower 5
  cutcone 3 2 3 10
  slideleft 16
  cutcone 3 2 3 10
  slideright 8
  forward 8
  cutcone 3 2 3 10
  back 16
  cutcone 3 2 3 10
  ;end fire
  
END

Create a ‘random’ solar system and surrounding star field using these commented Logo procedures:

TO solsys
  reset
  ;reset the turtles and clear the environment
  
  fullscreen
  ;don't display text
  
  ask "snappy [pullout 1000]
  ;ask the camera turtle to pull away from
  ;myrtle 1000 turtle units
  
  penup
  ;raise the turtle's pen so she doesn't draw
  
  hideturtle
  ;go incognito
  
  stars
  ;jump to the stars procedure, which creates
  ;a starfield around our solar system
  
  setfillcolor yellow
  icosphere 75
  ;make the sun, an icosphere 75 turtle units
  ;in radius
  
  dropanchor
  ;set Myrtle's 'anchor point' or the point
  ;she orbits around to her home position.
  ;By default it is somewhat in front of it.
  
  pullout 100
  ;pull out from the anchor point 100 turtle units
  
  repeat 10 [
    ;do the following ten times, to create ten planets
    
    pullout 100
    ;pull out from the anchor point 100 more
    ;turtle units
    
    orbitleft random 360
    ;orbit to the left between 0 and 360 degrees
    ;(up to one full orbit of the anchor point)
    
    planet repcount
    ;jump to the planet procedure, passing it
    ;the current iteration of the repeat loop
    ;as its parameter - the current planet number
    
  ]
  ;this is the end of the planet creation loop
  
  snappy:forever [orbitdown 0.001]
  ;orbit around the scene
  ;snappy: is shorthand for 'ask "snappy []'
  
END

TO stars
  ;create a starfield
  
  repeat 500 [
    
    randomvectors
    ;points the turtle in a random 3D
    ;direction. 'Vectors' describe absolute
    ;directions in 3D space using numbers.
    ;We call them vectors so as to not confuse
    ;them with relative directions such as up,
    ;down, left or right. A turtle with certain
    ;vectors will always point a certain way.
    ;For now, that's all you need to know!
    
    forward 1500 + random 500
    ;move forward 1500 turtle units plus
    ;between 0 and 499 turtle units in the
    ;turtle's forward direction - its forward
    ;'vector'
    
    ;Note: 'random' generates a number between
    ;0 and one less than the number you give it.
    ;The turtle knows what you mean when you say
    ;'random' because random is a primitive - a
    ;word the turtle knows.
    
    up 90
    ;tilt the turtle up 90 degrees, one quarter of
    ;a circle or one quarter of a complete rotation.
    ;Like as if you leaned back so far you were
    ;staring up at the sky
    
    randomfillcolor
    ;random means 'pick one at random', in this
    ;case a random fill color, numbered between 1
    ;and 15 (there are 16 default colors, but 0 is
    ;transparent and not typically a useful fill
    ;color!)
    
    spot 5 + random 5
    ;make a 'star', a spot with a radius of 5
    ;turtle units plus 0 - 4 additional turtle units
    
    home
    ;go back to the home position
  ]
  ;make 500 stars
  
END

TO planet :number
  ;make a planet. The number passed to
  ;planet is used to uniquely identify
  ;its 'model' - what it looks like
  
  newmodel :number [
    randomfillcolor
    ;Remember: not black!
    
    icosphere 10 + random 25
    ;create a randomly-sized sphere
    
    randomvectors
    ;'what's your vectors, Victor?'
    
    dountil fillcolor != yellow [randomfillcolor]
    ;not yellow!
    
    spot 10 + random 30
    ;create a randomly-sizes spot.
    ;If it's bigger than the sphere
    ;then it will act as a ring
    
  ]
  ;make a random planet model with the
  ;name of the planet number stored
  ;in the :number container, which was
  ;created when the number was passed
  ;in to the planet procedure
  
  ;Models are not unique to turtles, and
  ;so they each need a unique name, regardless
  ;of whatever turtle 'wears' them. But that
  ;name can just be a number, as long as it
  ;is a unique number
  
  hatch [
    ;hatch a new turtle from this spot
    
    showturtle
    ;show the hatchling's model. Hatchlings
    ;models are hidden when they are hatched
    ;as are those of other turtles when they
    ;are newly created. Only Myrtle is shown
    ;by default
    
    put 1 + random 10 in "speed
    ;generate a random number between
    ;0 and 9, add it to 1 and put it in
    ;a container named 'speed'
    
    setmodel :number
    ;set the hatchling's 'model' or
    ;appearance to the name stored in
    ;the :number container
    
    setanchor [0 0 0]
    ;set the 'anchor' or the point a turtle
    ;orbits around to [0 0 0], the location
    ;of the sun
    
    forever [
      orbitleft :speed * 0.001
    ]
    ;orbit around the sun 'forever'
  ]
  ;this is the end of the hatchling's code
  
END

Filled triangles

TO tree
  clearscreen penup 
  setpos [0 80] setfillcolor 4 
  repeat 6 [
    setfillshade -6 + 3 * repcount 
    ;repcount returns the current iteration
    back 4 * repcount 
    fiso 8 * repcount 5 * repcount 
    ;fiso = filled iso triangle
    lower 0.1
  ] 
  setfillcolor 8 setfillshade 5 
  back 50 slideleft 10 
  quad 20 50
  ;trunk
END

‘Tents’ – fiso prisms

TO tree3d
  cs pu setpos [0 80] 
  ;cs = clearscreen
  ;pu = penup
  setfc 4 
  ;setfc = setfillcolor
  repeat 6 [
    setfs -6 + 3 * repcount 
    ;setfs = setfillshade
    bk 4 * repcount 
    ;bk = back  
    tent 8 * repcount 5 * repcount 10 
    lo 0.1
    ;lo = lower
  ] 
  setfc 8 setfs 5
  bk 50 sl 10 
  ;sl = slideleft
  voxeloid 20 50 10
  ;voxeloids are stretched cubes
END

Cones

TO conetree
  cs pu setpos [0 80] 
  setfc 4 up 90 
  repeat 6 [
    setfs -6 + 3 * repcount 
    ra 4 * repcount 
    cone 8 * repcount 5 * repcount 20
  ] 
  setfc 8 setfs 5 ra 50
  cylinder 8 50 20
END

Pyramids (5-sided ‘cones’)

TO pyramidtree
  cs pu setpos [0 80] 
  setfc 4 up 90 
  repeat 6 [
    setfs -6 + 3 * repcount ra 4 * repcount
    cone 8 * repcount 5 * repcount 4
    ;while there is also a pyramid primitive, you can 
    ;also create a pyramid by creating a 4-sided cone
  ] 
  setfc 8 setfs 5 ra 50 
  cylinder 8 50 4
END

4-sided cones

TO tetratree
  cs pu setpos [0 80] setfc 4 up 90 
  repeat 6 [setfs -6 + 3 * repcount 
    ra 4 * repcount 
    cone 8 * repcount 5 * repcount 3] 
  setfc 8 setfs 5 ra 50 
  cylinder 8 50 3
END

Sierpinski’s Gasket

These routines use recursion (they repeatedly call themselves) to realise different Sierpinski algorithms. Logo’s recursion capabilities and relational turtle make it excellent for the task of rendering these algorithms! They’re also very pretty.

TO half_s :size :level
  if :level = 0 [fd :size stop]
  half_s :size :level - 1
  lt 45 fd :size * sqrt 2 lt 45
  half_s :size :level - 1
  rt 90 fd :size rt 90
  half_s :size :level - 1
  lt 45 fd :size * sqrt 2 lt 45
  half_s :size :level - 1
END

TO sierpinski :size :level
  repeat 2 [
    half_s :size :level
    rt 90 fd :size rt 90
  ]
END

TO sierp
  cs pu back 180 pd sierpinski 3 5
END

sierp

Instead of drawing lines, we can construct triangles out of ‘pins’ dropped at appropriate points:

TO half_s :size :level
  penup
  if :level = 0 [fd :size stop]

  pin
  ;pin marks a point for use with pinfrag

  half_s :size :level - 1
  lt 45 fd :size * sqrt 2 lt 45
  half_s :size :level - 1
  rt 90 fd :size rt 90
  half_s :size :level - 1
  lt 45 fd :size * sqrt 2 lt 45
  half_s :size :level - 1

  pinfrag
  ;creates a triangle out of the last three 'pins'

END

sierp

We could drop twice as many pins and then select a color for each ‘frag’ (fragment) triangle from a list:

TO half_s :size :level
pu
if :level = 0 [fd :size stop]

pin
;drop pin

half_s :size :level - 1
lt 45 fd :size * sqrt 2 lt 45
half_s :size :level - 1

pin 
;drop another pin

rt 90 fd :size rt 90
half_s :size :level - 1
lt 45 fd :size * sqrt 2 lt 45
half_s :size :level - 1

setfc item :level [9 8 1 13] pinfrag
;pick a color from a list based on the current level and create the fragment

END

sierp

Sierpinski’s Triangle

It’s triangles all the way down!

TO sierpinski :size :level
  if :level > 0 [
    rt 30
    repeat 3 [
      fd :size
      rt 120
    ]
    left 30
    sierpinski :size / 2 :level - 1
    rt 30
    fd :size / 2
    left 30
    sierpinski :size / 2 :level - 1
    rt 30
    back :size / 2
    left 30
    rt 90
    fd :size / 2
    left 90
    sierpinski :size / 2 :level - 1
    left 90
    fd :size / 2
    rt 90
  ]
END

TO sierpinskiexample
  sierpinski 500 8
END

sierpinskiexample

Neat but a bit plain. We could use frag to create filled triangles, but we need to avoid z-fighting by adding a little bit of code to change the elevation of each ‘level’:

TO sierpinski :size :level
  if :level > 0 [

    pu setz 0 lower 0.1 * :level
    ;add above line to avoid z-fighting

    rt 30
    repeat [
      fd :size
      rt 120
    ]

    setfc :level
    ;set the fill color to the current 'level'
    frag
    ;create a filled triangle from the last three points (triangle)

    left 30
    sierpinski :size / 2 :level - 1
    rt 30
    fd :size / 2
    left 30
    sierpinski :size / 2 :level - 1
    rt 30
    back :size / 2
    left 30
    rt 90
    fd :size / 2
    left 90
    sierpinski :size / 2 :level - 1
    left 90
    fd :size / 2
    rt 90
  ]
END

sierpinskiexample

If you seperate the layers more, and use shard instead of frag…

Sierpinski’s Tree

Trees are also a lot of fun, with the potential for so many variations!

TO tree :s :a :frac :depth
  fd :s / 2
  if :s >= 1 [
    local "p
    local "h
    make "p pos
    make "h heading
    left :a
    tree :s * 2 / 3 :frac * :a :frac :depth + 1
    pu setpos :p pd
    seth :h + :a
    tree :s * 2 / 3 :frac * :a :frac :depth + 1
  ]
END

TO drawtree
  reset
  cs pu bk 250 pd 
  tree 350 25 1.1 4
END

tree 350 60 1.1 4

TO tree :s :a :frac :depth
  fd :s / 2   
  if :s >= 1 [
     setpc :s
     ;set the pen color to the current 'size'
     ;which is fractional number truncated to an integer for use by setpc
     local "p
     local "h
     make "p pos
     make "h heading
     left :a     
     tree :s * 2 / 3 :frac * :a :frac :depth + 1
     pu setpos :p pd     
     seth :h + :a
     tree :s * 2 / 3 :frac * :a :frac :depth + 1
   ] 
END

tree 350 180 1.1 4

setpc 12 - :s

tree 350 280 1 4

Play with tree’s parameters and the colors and see what you can come up with! Logo is all about exploration, tweaking and tinkering. By seeing how altering the parameters can change the end result, you can learn to better understand the underlying mathematics.

You can also change how the trees are rendered, for example using mark instead of forward and by setting the width of the mark using setmarkerwidth depending on the current ‘size’ of the segment being rendered:

TO tree :s :a :frac :depth
   penup
   setpc item (remainder int :s 7) [11 9 4 12 14 8 13]
   if pencolor = 0 [setpc 8]
   setmarkerwidth 1 + :s / 20
   bk :s / 20
   mark :s / 2
   if :s >= 1 [
      local "p
      local "h
      make "p pos
      make "h heading
      left :a
      tree :s * 2 / 3 :frac * :a :frac :depth + 1
      pu setpos :p pd
      seth :h + :a
      tree :s * 2 / 3 :frac * :a :frac :depth + 1
   ]
END

cs tree 300 50 0.88 4

Et voila!

These procedures draw a simple tree in a classic Logo lined style, and a forest of these trees. First, let’s take a look at the tree procedure as a whole.

TO tree :scale
  slideleft 8.25 * :scale
  forward 20 * :scale
  repeat 4 [
    slideleft (10 * (5 - repcount)) * :scale
    left 30
    slideright (12 * (5 - repcount)) * :scale
    right 30
  ]
  left 30
  slideright 5 * :scale
  right 60
  slideright 5 * :scale
  left 30
  repeat 4 [
    right 30
    slideright (12 * repcount) * :scale
    left 30
    slideleft (10 * repcount) * :scale
  ]
  back 20 * :scale
  slideleft 8.25 * :scale
END

Now let’s go through it a line at a time. The procedure starts out with the procedure declaration TO, then the name of the procedure tree, then a single parameter, :scale

TO tree :scale

Remember that the colon indicates that scale is a container – but parameters are only containers inside of their procedures. This is important.

Notice that there is a companion END at the end of the procedure. Every TO must have an END.

slideleft 8.25 * :scale

slideleft is a movement primitive, it tells the selected turtle to shift its position to its left the given number of turtle-units, which correspond to OpenGL units. In this case, the number of turtle units to shift left is 8.25 * the value of :scale, which is given as a parameter when tree is called.

forward 20 * :scale

forward is another movement primitive, it tells the selected turtle to move forward the given number of turtle-units.

repeat 4 [

repeat is a loop primitive. It takes two parameters, the number of times to repeat the instruction list, and the instruction list itself, which is bookended by an open square bracket and a closed square bracket. repeat executes the instruction list the specified number of times. The contents of the instruction list can be spread across multiple lines, as it is here, and which follow:

slideleft (10 * (5 - repcount)) * :scale

slideleft is similar to slideright. The rounded brackets tell turtleSpaces which part of the supplied expression to evaluate first. If there are brackets inside brackets, the innermost ‘nest’ is evaluated first. turtleSpaces resolves mathematical expressions using the PEMDAS (BEDMAS) ordering, but often some clarity is required. In the case of the line above, we want to ensure that repcount (the current iteration of the repeat loop) is subtracted from 5 before it is multiplied by 10, and all of that needs to be done before it is multiplied by :scale

turtleSpaces parses right to left. This means that it evaluates expressions in the right of the instruction first. What this means for the statement above is that without brackets, repcount * :scale would be evaluated first. Then 10 * 5. Then the result of repcount  * :scale would be subtracted from 10 * 5. This is not what we want! So we need brackets.

left 30

left rotates the turtle to its left the specified number of degrees, in this case 30.

slideright (12 * (5 - repcount)) * :scale

The slideright instruction is similar to the slideleft instruction above, except in this case we are going to slide a bit more right than we did left.

right 30

Similarly to left, right turns the turtle to the right the given number of degrees, also 30 in this case.

]

The closing bracket finishes the instruction list. All of this is collected and given to repeat, which then repeats the instructions the given number of times (4).

left 30 
slideright 5 * :scale 
right 60 
slideright 5 * :scale 
left 30 
repeat 4 [ 
  right 30 
  slideright (12 * repcount) * :scale 
  left 30 slideleft (10 * repcount) * :scale 
]

The next four instructions draw the ‘peak’ of the tree, and the following repeat loop the opposite side of the tree.

back 20 * :scale 
slideleft 8.25 * :scale

back is similar to forward, except the turtle backs up. slideleft you already know!

END

end finishes the procedure.

Once the procedure is entered, you can call it by typing tree and then a scale ‘factor’.

tree 1

tree 0.5

tree 2

0.5 makes a tree half as large as one, and 2 twice as large.

TIP: To make the turtle move smoothly, use the fluid primitive.

fluid

Let’s make another procedure that draws a whole forest!

TO forest
  reset
  repeat 10 [
    penup
    home
    slideleft -150 + random 300
    forward -100 + random 150
    randompencolor
    pendown
    tree (2 + random 8) / 10
  ]
END

Again stepping through each instruction:

TO forest

This procedure declaration doesn’t take a parameter – all we need to know is inside it, and all it will take to call it is a single word: forest.

reset

reset causes the graphical workspace to return to its initial state, erasing any contents and moving all of the turtles to their home positions. It doesn’t erase any procedures but it does erase containers! Unlike other Logos (and like virtually every other programming language), in turtleSpaces all containers (variables) need to be declared by a procedure, they cannot exist on their own and are not otherwise saved in project files. While it seems like a good idea if they could be, it’s really not.

repeat 10 [

The following instructions will be repeated ten times. You can change that to whatever number you want. Or you could make it a parameter in the forest procedure definition, and then replace the number 10 with the container you specified there, such as :trees

penup

Turtles (except for Snappy the camera turtle) start with their pen down after a reset or when they are created. This means they draw lines whenever they move. You can stop them from drawing lines with the penup instruction.

home

home causes the turtle to move to its home position. In Myrtle’s case, her default position is [0 0 0], that is 0 horizontally (x), 0 vertically (y) and 0 in depth (z). All of these are ‘centered’ in their given axis (x y or z). With two-dimensional procedures and programs you don’t need to worry about depth (z). There are other primitives for positioning the turtle we will get into in another tutorial. But for now, we’ll stick with what we’ve learned so far.

slideleft -150 + random 300

random picks a random number between and including 0 and the number that is given to it, but not that number. So, random 300 will return a number between 0 and 299. Why? Because you might want 0 as a possible result. And you might want to pick from a range of however many numbers you specified (in this case 300). 300 numbers including 0 gives you a range from 0 to 299. I know it would be easier if it was a range from 0 to 300, but that would be 301 numbers in total, not 300!

We take the number chosen by random, and add it to -150. If the number is still negative, that means that the turtle will slide to the right rather than the left! 

forward -100 + random 150

Similarly, if the result of -100 + random 150 is negative, the turtle will move backwards, not forward. All of the movement primitives behave the same way. A negative value will cause it to move in the opposite direction indicated by the primitive. For example, a negative angle will cause left to turn right.

randompencolor

This ‘shorthand’ instruction causes the turtle to pick a random pen color, a value between 1 and 15. You could do the same if you wrote:

setpencolor 1 + random 15

but randompencolor gets straight to the point. To see a list of the turtle’s default colors, type showcolors. The colors are based on the default colors in the low resolution mode of the Apple II! They’re historical (and I’m maybe a little hysterical).

pendown

Similarly to penup, pendown puts the turtle’s pen down, and causes it to draw again.

tree (2 + random 8) / 10

And now that we’re in a random position, we’re going to draw a tree (the first procedure) providing a random :scale value. random cannot generate parts of numbers, only whole numbers, so to get a fraction we need to divide (/) our random result by 10. So, after calculating, the parameter passed to tree will be a value between 0.2 and 0.9

]

And that closing square bracket signals the end of the instruction list provided to the repeat above.

END

That’s the END of the forest procedure and our first (ahem) turtorial (ba-dum).

Let’s give it a go:

Because it’s completely random, it may take a few tries to get a distribution that you like.

Finally, set the title of your creation using the settitle primitive:

settitle "forest

and then save it using the save primitive:

save

And now you can visit your forest again whenever you like.

You’ve entered your first Logo program. Well done!

After a year of work, we are pleased to make available to the public our new Logo interpreter, turtleSpaces.

turtleSpaces implements the Logo programming language inside of the OpenGL 3D graphics environment, allowing you to use turtles to construct 3D models and create animations, simulations and games.

We initially implemented a version of Apple Logo II in our microM8 Apple II emulator to make it easier to use for our younger users, and because microM8 itself uses OpenGL to render the Apple II’s graphics (also in 3D) we added some rudimentary 3D commands to it (up, down, rollleft, rollright, etc.)

We received positive feedback from our users and decided to seperate the Logo interpreter from microM8 and work to grow its potential more broadly.

Why Logo?

Logo’s benefits for learning how to code are many and varied, but before we explore them, it might be better to address the concerns many have with it first, and get them out of the way.

Why not Logo?

Logo’s problems are mainly historical. In the late 1970s there was great excitement among some quarters regarding the potential benefits of teaching children computer programming. Logo was designed around this time to be an as easily-accessible programming language as could be achieved given the technology of the era, which was not very advanced and led to extreme tradeoffs between usability and practicality. In short, Logo was still difficult to use, while not being useful for very much.

Despite this, evangelists (including and mainly Logo’s co-architect Seymour Papert) still made a big deal of Logo, and attempted (and for a time largely succeeded) to gain its widespread use in education, engaging in a great deal of publicity and the making of overstated promises about its potential to turn every child who used it into a little genius. To make matters worse, Papert’s constructivist philosophy dictated that children be allowed to ‘explore’ Logo at their own whim, which while valid on its face (and is something we encourage with turtleSpaces!) was impractical in the context of the crude interpreters that were made available at the time, which were slow, unforgiving, low-resolution and had limited built-in tools, resources and examples.

To make any use of it, you really had to read the manual, but since reading the manual ran counter to Papert’s philosophy, many kids just figured out how to move the turtle forward and turn, and that was about it. Studies were done that showed some initial tutorial-based hand-holding was required, and improvements needed to be made in the user interface, and while later versions of Logo did attempt to correct these shortcomings, by that time the initial enthusiasm for Logo amongst educators had died out, and they were somewhat jaded to the concept in general.

Logo appeared too early, and pushed too hard.

In response, ‘blocks’-based versions of Logo appeared such as Scratch, which attempted to make a subset of commands and their parameter requirements obvious to young coders, who could ‘snap’ them together in the correct order and change default parameters and witness their effects. While useful perhaps in the near-term (and to be clear, we are in the process of implementing a blocks-style mode in turtleSpaces, so we agree they are not without value as an early introduction to Logo), these reduced the very valuable concept of the Turtle to little more than a gimmick, and they nobbled the potential of the Logo language they were based on so much as to make greater exploration of the language largely impossible in the context of their environments.

They were, and are, ‘dead ends‘, and this causes some concern to parents and educators, many of whom are reluctant to use them.

That isn’t to say there weren’t and aren’t other full-Logo interpreters also out there. There were and are, but they have also faced difficulty. First, they’ve tended to rely heavily on the host operating system’s user interface, which was a popular direction to go in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but not so much recently. MicroWorlds Logo, for example, allowed the user to create buttons and load images, and so forth. But the programs users created were very much restricted to their environments, and those environments were still very much oriented towards children. And this trend continued, making for very limited experiences.

As a result, given today’s cross-platform, limited UI landscape these have not aged well. Other developers implemented variants of Logo (such as NetLogo) designed for simulations, such as ant colonies or viruses. But these are largely targeted toward college students, and many of their mechanisms are in our opinion convoluted and counter-intuitive and not at all suitable for children.

Logo for children was simply a victim of being in the wrong place at the wrong time, and its stunted evolution reflected that. But there’s nothing wrong and a lot very right with Logo, and studies of the language itself have shown that. Its functional nature is fairly easy to grasp, the immediate feedback you get from the turtle promotes exploration and learning, and it is powerful enough to become a go-to language for someone even as an adult, if there was a Logo environment that was flexible enough to be useful for a broader audience, and could occupy that middle ground.

So we thought, “Why couldn’t we find that middle ground? We have the technology! Why don’t we go back to where it all started and work forward from there?”

I’d like to definitively state that we have succeeded in our task, but I’ll more tentatively say that we’re well into working on it. Here’s what we have accomplished so far:

• A full re-implementation of the LCSI Apple Logo II primitive (command) set
• The addition of a few hundred useful primitives from other Logos and programming languages (including some of our own invention), such as multiple turtles and threading, loops and math functions, retro-styled music and sound, turtle models, gamepad and image placement primitives
• Several hundred primitives related to the 3D environment, including a wide variety of shapes, positional and vector based functions and tools, and Minecraft-inspired pixelated color schemes
• An improved while retro-inspired interface that is able to easily get out of the way – no tiny window into the Logo world, no large obtrusive text areas that you can’t get rid of. You can make a program and execute it full screen just like any other game you might buy or download.
• Written in Go so it’s cross-platform (Windows, macOS and Linux) with the potential for mobile platforms
• Lots and lots of other smaller things that make the whole experience fun, engaging, productive and straightforward that I can’t even begin to mention.

Here’s a list of some big-ticket items that still need to happen (in no particular order):

• Raspberry Pi, iOS and Android support, in particular for running turtleSpace apps
• Stand-alone, distributable app generation for mobile and desktop
• Private “Classes” that groups of students can join, whose progress can be viewed and monitored by their facilitators / teachers, who can share content between their students
• Multi-user, multi-player capabilities so that users can design, code and play together
• API to support control by other applications such as IDEs and tutorials
• The ability to connect and interact with the outside world
• 3D model import / export so that users can 3D print their creations, or use them in other 3D environments or vice-versa
• Terrain and more complex shape design tools
• In-environment tutorials, badges, achievements and so forth to encourage exploration
• ‘Blocks’-based entry mode to support younger learners
• Command-line version without the OpenGL baggage, but with internal FauxGL rendering support to enable image output
• Refactoring and optimization!
• A whole bunch more primitives!
• Finally, and most importantly, to make Logo the relevant all-purpose language it was always meant to be

So, a long way to go. But a good start. Hope to see you around turtleSpaces soon!