shapes and graphics

amigaball

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number)

none

Creates an ‘Amiga ball’, a sphere that alternates sectors between the pen color and the fill color.

amigaball 50 10 20

amigaballoid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | ratio (number)

Creates a stretched or flattened Amiga ball, based on the supplied ratio. Respects setspheroidaxis

amigaballoid 50 10 20 0.5

appendtrack

shapes and graphics

“turtlea (word) | “turtleb (word)

none

Appends “turtlea’s track (its movements and graphics) to the end of “turtleb’s track. See copytrack

appendtrack "myrtle "bob

arc

shapes and graphics

degrees | radius

none

Creates an arc. The arc is created around the turtle, and the turtle does not move. For arcs the turtle moves along, see leftarc, rightarc

arc 90 20

backgroundshade

shapes and graphics

none

shade (number)

Returns the current background shade value. See setbackgroundshade

show backgroundshade

Begins a ‘tag’, that is a grouping of movements, turtle parameter changes and shapes present in the calling turtle’s ‘track’, or output. The tag is closed with endtag. These tagged groups can be used for creating turtle models using newmodel, can be hidden or shown using hidetag or showtag, or copied using copytag

begintag "newtag

billboard

shapes and graphics

name (word) | dimensions (list)

none

Creates a ‘billboard’ using the specified image and the specified list of dimensions [x y]. See sample

billboard "marquee [100 200]

box

shapes and graphics

size (number)

none

Creates a lined square of the specified size.

box 20

circle

shapes and graphics

radius

none

Creates a lined circle at the specified radius around the turtle

circle 50
repeat 18 [circle 50 rr 10]

clean

shapes and graphics

none

Erases the ‘turtle track’ (graphics) belonging to the current turtle without changing its position or state. Useful when a turtle is not actually drawing graphics but is itself a graphic element (for example, in a game) to ensure that its movements don’t build up in its track and slow down execution. To use clean in this context, simply place it at the end of the turtle’s “run loop”.

clean

cleanspace

shapes and graphics

none

Cleans all turtles in the current space. See clean

cleanspace

clearimage

shapes and graphics

imagename (word)

none

Clears the specified image from memory.

clearimage "image

clearimages

shapes and graphics

none

Clears all iamges from memory.

clearimages

clearmodel

shapes and graphics

modelname (word)

none

Removes the specified model from memory.

clearmodel "model

clearmodels

shapes and graphics

none

Removes all user-defined models from memory.

clearmodels

clearplot

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Clears the named plot. See plot

clearplot "myplot

clearscreen cs

shapes and graphics

none

Clears the turtle’s ‘turtle track’ and sends the turtle to its home position.

clearscreen

clonetag

shapes and graphics

sourcetagname (word) | copytagname (word)

none

Clones a turtle’s tag and puts the new copy at the end of its ‘turtle track’. See tag

clonetag "oldtag "newtag

color

shapes and graphics

number

list

color returns the red, green and blue values of the specified color

show color 5
[128 128 128]

show color brown
[128 80 0]

colors

shapes and graphics

none

list

Returns a list of lists containing all of the colors’ RGB values in order of color index, eg with the first list being [0 0 0] (black) and the 16th list being white [255 255 255]. For an easier-to-read version, see listcolors

show colors

cone

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

Creates a cone pointing downward from and centered on the calling turtle.

cone 20 10 20

coneslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

none

Creates a sliced cone.

coneslice 20 20 20 10

conoid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

Creates a conoid, a cone stretched or compressed based on the provided ratio (1 is normal, 2 is stretched twice as much, 0.5 half as much, etc.)

conoid 20 40 20 2

conoidslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a sliced conoid.

conoidslice 20 20 20 10 2

copytag

shapes and graphics

tag (word) | turtle (word)

none

Copies a tag from the calling turtle to the named turtle, at the end of the named turtle’s turtle track.

copytag "tag "turtle

copytrack

shapes and graphics

“turtlea (word) | “turtleb (word)

none

Copies “turtlea’s track (its movements and graphics) to “turtleb, overwriting “turtleb’s existing track. See appendtrack

copytrack "myrtle "bob

csall

shapes and graphics

none

Causes all turtles to clear their turtle tracks and return to their starting positions.

csall

cube

shapes and graphics

size

none

Creates a wireframe cube of the specified size

cube 20

cuboid

shapes and graphics

width | height | depth

none

Creates a wireframe cuboid of the specified dimensions

cuboid 30 20 10

cutcone

shapes and graphics

radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

none

Creates a truncated, or cut, cone. See cone

cutcone 10 20 30 30

cutconeslice

shapes and graphics

radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

none

Creats a cut, sliced cone. See coneslice

cutconeslice 20 40 20 20 10

cutconoid

shapes and graphics

radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a truncated, or cut, conoid, stretched based on the provided ratio. See conoid

cutconoid 10 20 30 30 2###

cutconoidslice

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a cut, sliced conoid, stretched based on the provided ratio. See conoid

cutconoidslice 10 20 30 30 15 2

cutfunnel

shapes and graphics

radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

none

Creates a cut funnel (an uncapped cut cone).

cutfunnel 20 10 20 20

cutfunneloid

shapes and graphics

radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a cut funneloid (an uncapped cut conoid).

cutfunneloid 20 30 20 20 0.5

cutfunneloidslice

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a cut, sliced funneloid (an uncapped cut conoid).

cutfunneloidslice 20 30 20 20 10 0.5

cutfunnelslice

shapes and graphics

radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

none

Creates a sliced, cut funnel (an uncapped cut cone).

cutfunnelslice 20 10 20 20 10

cutsphere

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | minstack (number) | maxstack (number)

none

Creates a truncated, or cut, sphere. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. See sphere

cutsphere 30 14 32 4 13

cutsphereslice

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a sliced and cut sphere. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. Displays the portion specified by totalsectors and usedsectors. See sphereslice, cutsphere

cutsphereslice 30 20 20 5 15 10

cutspheroid

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a truncated, or cut, sphere, stretched by the provided ratio. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. See spheroid

cutspheroid 30 14 32 4 13 0.5

cutspheroidslice

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a sliced and cut spheroid. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. Displays the portion specified by totalsectors and usedsectors. Is stretched by the ratio provided. See spheroidslice, cutspheroid

cutspheroidslice 30 20 20 5 15 10 2

cylinder

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

none

Creates a cylinder

cylinder 20 30 10

cylinderarc

shapes and graphics

thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number)

none

Creates a partial torus, or curved cylinder.

cylinderarc 5 15 20 20 10

cylinderarcslice

shapes and graphics

Creates a slice of a partial torus, or curved cylinder. Note: If you invert the thickness value, you can ‘slice’ the opposite side.

cylinderarcslice 5 15 20 20 10 5 15

cylinderslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | totalsides (number) | slicesides (number)

none

Creates a rounded wedge shape, like a slice of a round of cheese, starting at the turtle’s right vector and moving counter-clockwise.

cylinderslice 20 10 20 10

cylindroid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a cylindoid

cylindroid 20 30 10 2

cylindroidarc

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a cylinder arc extruded by the provided ratio.

cylindroidarc 5 15 20 20 10 2

cylindroidarcslice

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a cylinder arc sliced by the provided sides values and extruded by the provided ratio.

cylindroidarcslice 5 15 20 20 10 10 15 2

cylindroidslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | totalsides (number) | slicesides (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a stretched rounded wedge shape, like a slice of a round of cheese, starting at the turtle’s right vector and moving counter-clockwise, and stretched using the provided ratio, where 1 is normal, 0.5 is half, 2 is double etc.

cylindroidslice 20 10 20 10 0.5

definecolor

shapes and graphics

index (number) | list or word

none

definecolor takes an index number from 0 to 63 and either a list of three values (representing red, green, and blue) with a value from 0 to 100, or a 6-character word representing a color’s RGB values in hexadecimal format, for example ab1274. The color palette defined by definecolor is used for pen and fill colors. For text colors see definetextcolor

definecolor 20 [50 20 90]
definecolor 21 "ab1274

deleteoverlay

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Deletes the named overlay.

deleteoverlay "myrtlesview

deleteplot

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Deletes the named plot. See plot

deleteplot "myplot

deletesticker

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Deletes the sticker with the specified name. See placesticker.

deletesticker "marquee

dodecahedron

shapes and graphics

size (number)

none

Creates a dodecahedron (12-sided shape) of the specified size.

dodecahedron 5

dodecahedroid

shapes and graphics

size (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a dodecahedroid (12-sided shape) of the specified size and stretched using the specified ratio.

dodecahedroid 5 2
dodecahedroid 10 0.5

dome

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number)

none

Creates a dome

dome 20 10 10

domoid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | stretch (number)

none

Creates a stretched dome.

domoid 20 10 10 2

doppel

shapes and graphics

modelname (word)

none

Like stamp, except creates a reference to the provided model rather than copying the model into the turtle track. This means that if the model changes, its doppel representation will also change.

doppel "myrtle

dot

shapes and graphics

[x y (z)] (list)

none

Puts a dot at the specified co-ordinates using the specified _pen_ color (this is for Apple Logo compatibility). If z is not specified, z = 0. Dots are removed by clean, clearscreen. See dots, dotp, dotsize.

dot [10 10]

dots

shapes and graphics

none

list

Returns a list of the co-ordinates of all the dots currently in the calling turtle’s turtle track. See dot, dotp

show dots

dotsize

shapes and graphics

none

size (number)

Returns the calling turtle’s current dot size. See setdotsize, dot, dotp.

show dotsize

duocutconoid

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a cut conoid with two different oid (stretch) ratios, one for each end. See cutconoid, duocutfunneloid

duocutconoid 20 30 20 20 0.5 2

duocutfunneloid

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a cut funneloid (an uncapped cut conoid) with two different oid (stretch) ratios, one for each end. See cutfunneloid

duocutfunneloid 20 30 20 20 0.5 2

duocylindroid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio1 (number) | ratio2 (number)

none

Creates a cylindroid with two different oid (stretch) ratios, one for each end. See cylindroid, duotuboid

duocylindroid 20 20 20 0.5 2

duotuboid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio1 (number) | ratio2 (number)

none

Creates a tuboid, or stretched tube, with two different oid (stretch) values, one for each end. Can be used to transition between non-oids and oids, or between two oids. See tuboid

duotuboid 10 20 20 0.5 2

ellipse

shapes and graphics

width (number) | height (number)

none

Creates a pen-drawn ellipse of the specified width and height.

ellipse 50 20

endtag

shapes and graphics

none

Closes the currently open tag. See tag

endtag

erasetag

shapes and graphics

tag (word)

none

Erases the named tag and its contents.

erasetag "mytag

fill

shapes and graphics

none

Currently does nothing. This is OpenGL not Photoshop!

fillcolor

shapes and graphics

none

number

Returns the fill color currently used by the selected turtle.

print myrtle:fillcolor
7

fillshade

shapes and graphics

none

shade (number)

Returns the current fillshade value. See setfillshade

show fillshade

fillopacity

shapes and graphics

none

opacity (number)

Returns the current fill opacity

show opacity

fiso

shapes and graphics

width height

none

Creates a filled isosceles triangle with the center of its base at the root of the selected turtle and aligned with the turtle’s orientation. See iso.

fiso 20 10

frag

shapes and graphics

none

Makes a triangle from the current position and previous two turtle positions.

forward 20 right 90 forward 20 frag

funnel

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

Creates a funnel (an uncapped cone).

funnel 20 20 20

funnelslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

none

Creates a sliced funnel.

funnelslice 20 20 20 10

funneloid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

Creates a funneloid (an uncapped conoid).

funneloid 20 20 20 0.5

funneloidslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a sliced funneloid.

funneloidslice 20 20 20 10 2

gradient

shapes and graphics

none

Causes lines to graduate in color from the pencolor value to the fillcolor value. nogradient disables it. See gradientp

cs gradient randpc randfc repeat 36 [fd 100 rt 170]

hideoverlay

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Hides the specified overlay. See newoverlay

hideoverlay "myrtlesview

hideplot

shapes and graphics

plotname (word)

none

Hides (all) the named plot(s). If you want to show / hide one specific instance of a placed plot (since you can place multiple), place them inside of a tag. See tag, showplot, plot

hideplot "myplot

hidesticker

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Hides the sticker specified by the provided name parameter. See placesticker

hidesticker "marquee

hidetag

shapes and graphics

tagname (word)

none

Hides the specified tag from displaying. Be aware that this can alter the display of the rest of the turtle track, as the position of the turtle may be altered by the absence of the tag contents from rendering! To solve this problem, call ‘setposition position’ after calling ‘endtag’ when closing a tag. Then, when you hide the tag, the turtle will still end up in the place it lands when the tag is visible, and the remainder of the turtle track rendering will not be disrupted.

hidetag "mytag

hidetrack

shapes and graphics

none

Hides the calling turtle’s ‘turtle track’ or visible output. Make it visible again with showtrack.

hidetrack

icosphere ico

shapes and graphics

radius (number)

none

Creates an icosphere of a specified radius. See icosphereoid

icosphere 10

icospheroid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | multiplier (number)

none

Creates an icosphereoid of a specified radius, stretched using the provided multiplier.

icosphereoid 10 2

images

shapes and graphics

none

list

Returns a list of the currently defined images.

show images

inscribe

shapes and graphics

word, number or list

none

Renders text shapes alongside and to the front of the turtle rather than to the side (as with typeset) using the same size and color as typeset. Unlike typeset, the turtle does not move. See typeset.

repeat 8 [inscribe se char 32 repcount right 45]

iso

width height

none

Draws an isosceles triangle of the specified width and height, with the turtle positioned at the center of the lower side, and the triangle pointing in line with the turtle’s current orientation.

repeat 18 [iso 20 60 rollright 10]

lat

shapes and graphics

size

none

Creates a left-facing right-angle triangle. See rat

lat 20

lightlines

shapes and graphics

none

Enables lighting for lines. Normally off by default. As lines have no ‘side’, their ‘normal’ (the direction in which light is reflected) needs to be manually set using setlinesnormal. nolightlines disables it.

lightlines

line

shapes and primitives

length (number)

none

Creates a line of the specified length in front of the calling turtle, without moving that turtle.

repeat 36 [if oddp repcount [line 20] else [line 40] rt 10]

listcolors

shapes and graphics

none

Prints out the 64 (0-63) color indexes and their associated RGB values. See colors, showcolors

listcolors

listoverlays

shapes and graphics

none

Prints a list of the currently defined overlays.

listoverlays

listplots

shapes and graphics

none

Prints a list of the currently defined plots.

listplots

loadtag

shapes and graphics

tagname (word) | tagfile (word)

none

Loads the contents of the specified file into the specified tagname. loadtag creates a new tag at the end of the turtletrack if the tagname does not already exist. See savetag

loadtag "mytag "tagfile

loadtrack

shapes and graphics

filename (word)

none

Loads the saved turtle track, replacing the current turtle track. See savetrack

loadtrack "turtletrack

mark

shapes and graphics

turtle-units (number)

none

Mark moves the turtle forward the specified turtle units, drawing a quad using the ‘marker’ rather than the pen. You can set the diameter of the ‘mark’ using setmarkerwidth

mark 10

merge

shapes and graphics

none

Causes the turtle track of a hatchling to merge with its parent at the start of the parents turtle track. The hatchling’s turtle track is empty after the merge. See hatch

merge

modelscale

shapes and graphics

none

scale (number)

Returns the calling turtle’s current modelscale value. Default is 1. See setmodelscale

show modelscale

newmodel

shapes and graphics

name (word) | tagname (word) or [command list] (list)

none

Creates a new model, using either the contents of the specified tag, or the provided list of turtle commands. See setmodel

newmodel "sphere [icosphere 20]
newmodel "fromtag "tag

newoverlay

shapes and graphics

name (word) | turtle (word)

none

Creates a new camera ‘overlay’ or picture-in-picture with the specified name using the point of view of the specified turtle. You position the overlay on the screen using placeoverlay

newoverlay "myrtlesview "myrtle

newplot

shapes and graphics

name (word) | dimensions (list)

Defines a new plot (a grid of pixels or voxels) with the provided name, and of the provided dimensions. If the list has two numbers, a two-dimensional plot is created. If the list has three numbers, a three-dimensional plot is created. See placeplot

newplot “myplot [10 20]

newplot "myplot [5 5 5]

newsticker

shapes and graphics

name (word) | image (word)

none

Defines a new sticker using the provided image. See placesticker

loadimage "marqueeimage "marquee.png
newsticker "marqueesticker "marqueeimage

nextframe

shapes and graphics

none

Waits until the next frame of video is rendered. Useful for creating smooth animations in combination with norender and render (eg render nextframe norender) by otherwise disabling rendering except for one nextframe per loop. Warning: If norender is currently set, nextframe will wait indefinitely!

render nextframe norender

nolightlines

shapes and graphics

none

Disables line lighting. See lightlines

nolightlines

norender

shapes and graphics

none

Disables the renderer. There will be no updates to the graphical output while norender is enabled. This includes view turtle (camera) movement! Pressing the escape key will re-enable render, as will the render primitive. See render

norender

nospeckle

shapes and graphics

none

Disables speckling of voxels and quads. See speckle

nospeckle

notrack

shapes and graphics

none

Causes the calling turtle not to generate a track and erases any existing track without changing the turtle’s position, after which any shape and graphics primitives are ignored. See track

notrack

notrackrender

shapes and graphics

none

Stops the calling turtle’s ‘track’ render from updating. Its current buffered render will continue to be displayed. This is handy for complex scene creation – you can choose to reveal parts of the scene as they are created. See trackrender, hidetrack, showtrack, render, norender

notrackrender

notwosided

shapes and graphics

none

Causes the surface of shapes to only be ‘lit’ from one side – in OpenGL parlance, only one side has ‘normals’. This is the default. If you wish both sides of a shape’s surface to be lit, invoke twosided. See twosided

notwosided

octahedron

shapes and graphics

size (number)

none

Creates a octahedron (8-sided shape) of the specified size.

octahedron 5

octahedroid

shapes and graphics

size (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a octahedroid (8-sided shape) of the specified size and stretched using the specified ratio.

octahedroid 5 2
octahedroid 10 0.5

oval

shapes and graphics

width (number) | height (number)

none

Creates a filled oval of the specified width and height. See ellipse

oval 50 20

overlays

shapes and graphics

none

list

Returns a list of the currently defined overlays.

show overlays

peak

shapes and graphics

width | height | depth

none

Creates a lined wedge around and beneath the calling turtle. The width distance is the distance to one side of the turtle (the total width of the peak is double the provided width value).

peak 10 20 30

pencolor pc

shapes and graphics

none

number

Returns the current pen color.

show pencolor

pendown pd

shapes and graphics

none

Puts the calling turtle’s ‘pen’ down (causes it to draw a line when moved).

pendown

penopacity

shapes and graphics

none

number

Returns the calling turtles pen opacity. See setpenopacity

shoe penopacity

penshade

shapes and graphics

none

shade (number)

Returns the current pen shade value. See setpenshade

show penshade

penup pu

shapes and graphics

none

Lifts the calling turtle’s pen up, it won’t draw a line when it moves. See pendown

penup

pie

shapes and graphics

degrees (number) | radius (number)

none

Creates a pie-chart like object of the specified radius and degrees, starting at the turtle’s right vector and moving counter-clockwise.

pie 270 20

shapes and graphics

none

Drops a ‘pin’, for use with pinfrag and pinshard

pin

pinfrag

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a ‘frag’ using the last three dropped ‘pins’. See pin, frag

pinfrag

pinshard

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a ‘shard’ using the last three dropped ‘pins’. See pin, shard

pinshard

placeoverlay

shapes and graphics

name (word) | [x1% y1% x2% y2%] (list)

none

Places the named overlay on the screen over the list of co-ordinates which are specified in terms of percentages. See newoverlay

placeoverlay "myrtlesview [0 0 50 50]

placeplot

shapes and graphics

name (word) | voxel / pixel size (list)

none

Places the named plot at the current turtle position using pixels (by providing a list of two) or voxels (by providing a list of three)

placeplot "myplot [10 10]
would place a plot using pixels 10 turtle-units in size, while

placeplot "myplot [5 5 5]
would place a plot using voxels 5 turtle-units in size

placesticker

shapes and graphics

name (word) | [x1% y1% x2% y2%] (list)

none

Places the sticker with the provided name over the area of the screen specified by the provided list, which is in terms of percentages of the screen dimensions, where 100% is the right / bottom and 0% is the left / top. As the name suggests, a sticker is a static image which does not move with the camera view, as if you stuck a sticker to your display. See stickers, stickerp

loadimage "marquee "marquee.png
newsticker "marqueesticker "marquee
placesticker "marqueesticker "marquee [25 25 75 75]

plot

shapes and graphics

coordinates (list)

none

Plots a pixel / voxel at the specified co-ordinates in the currently selected plot. The list may contain two or three numbers depending on if the plot is two- or three-dimensional. See placeplot

plot [10 20]

plot [10 20 10]

plotcol

shapes and graphics

coordinates (list)

number

Returns the color (if any) of the specified pixel / voxel in the currently selected plot. The list of coordinates may contain two or three numbers, depending on if the selected plot is two- or three-dimensional. See plot

show plotcol [10 20]
show plotcol [10 20 10]

plotline

shapes and graphics

start co-ordinates (list) | end co-ordinates (list)

none

Plots a line from and including the first set of provided co-ordinates to and including the second set of provided co-ordinates. The co-ordinates may contain two or three numbers dependent on if the plot has two or three dimensions. See plot

plotline [1 1 1] [5 5 5]

plots

shapes and graphics

none

list

Returns a list of the currently defined plots. See newplot, placeplot, plot

show plots

plottotrack

shapes and graphics

plotname (word) | [x y z] list

instructions (list)

Renders the given plot with the voxel size specified in the given list as a series of instructions that can be passed into setmodel to turn a plot directly into a turtle model (with the turtle’s position being the dead center of the plot). Using plottotrack in isolation will cause the turtle to render the plot. See plot

setmodel “model plottottrack “plot [1 1 1]
plottotrack “plot

poly

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | sides (number)

none

Draws a convex polygon of the specified radius and number of sides.

poly 10 6

polyellipse

shapes and graphics

width (number) | height (number) | sides (number)

none

Draws a convex polygon of the specified dimensions and sides.

polyellipse 20 10 10

polyoval

shapes and graphics

width (number) | height (number) | sides (number)

none

Creates a filled convex polygon of the specified dimensions and sides.

polyoval 10 20 5

polyspot

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | sides (number)

Creates a filled convex polygon of the specified radius and number of sides.

polyspot 20 5

prism

shapes and graphics

width | height | depth

Creates a lined prism to the right, forward and under the turtle.

prism 20 10 30

pyramid

shapes and graphics

size (number)

none

Creates a pyramid (5-sided shape) of the specified size.

pyramid 10

pyramoid

shapes and graphics

size (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a pyramoid (stretched pyramid) of the specified size and stretch ratio.

pyramoid 10 2

quad

shapes and graphics

width | height

Creates a ‘quad’, a two-dimensional filled rectangle of the specified width and height, to the front and right of the turtle.

quad 20 10

ramp

shapes and graphics

width (number) | height (number) | depth (number)

none

Creates a filled wedge, or ‘ramp’ using the provided dimensions.

ramp 10 20 30

randomfillcolor randfc

shapes and graphics

none

Sets a random fill color (1 – 15). See setfillcolor

randomfillcolor sphere 10

randomfillshade randfs

shapes and graphics

none

Sets a random fill shade value. See setfillshade

randomfillshade

randompencolor [randpc]

shapes and graphics

none

Sets a random pen color (1 – 15)

pendown repeat 10 [randvec randompencolor fd 100 home]

randompenshade randps

shapes and graphics

none

Sets a random pen shade value. See setpenshade

randpenshade

rat

shapes and graphics

length

none

Creates a filled isosceles right angle triangle with two sides of the same specified length.

rat 20

rect

shapes and graphics

width (number) | height (number)

none

Creates a pen-drawn rectangle of the specified width and height to the front and right of the current turtle.

rect 10 20

replacetag

shapes and graphics

name (word) | list

none

Replaces the contents of the named tag with the contents of the provided list of turtle primitives.

replacetag "mytag [FD 20 RT 90 FD 20 RT 90]

resetmodel

shapes and graphics

none

Resets the turtle’s model to its default.

resetmodel

rhombus

shapes and graphics

width (number) | height (number)

none

Creates a 2D rhombus of the specified width and height.

rhombus 30 10

ring

shapes and graphics

thickness (number) | inner radius (number) | segments (number)

none

Creates a two-dimensional ring of the specified thickness, inner radius and segments. A segment number of 4 creates a square picture frame, while 3 creates a triangle. See ringarc

ring 10 30 10

ringarc

shapes and graphics

thickness (number) | inner radius (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number)

none

Creates a partial ring of the specified number of segments. So, if the totalsegments specified were 10, an arcsegments value of 5 would create a half-ring.

ringarc 10 30 10 5

rope

shapes and graphics

length (number)

none

Draws a ‘rope’, a cylinder of the specified length, and places the turtle at its end, similar to mark or forward. You can set the diameter of the rope with setropewidth, and the number of sides the rope has using setropesides. See ropesides, ropewidth

rope 10

ropesides

shapes and graphics

none

number

Returns the number of sides of the cylinder drawn by rope. See setropesides

show ropesides

ropewidth

shapes and graphics

none

number

Returns the current width or radius of the rope. See setropewidth

show ropewidth

sample

shapes and graphics

image (word) | position (list)

RGBA (list)

Sample returns a list of the RGBA values of the pixel at the specified position (given in terms of percentages, measured from the bottom-left corner of the image) in the specified loaded image. For example, sample “frog [50 50] will return the color of the pixel located at 50% of frog’s height, and 50% of frog’s width. Sample can be used to determine the color of a pixel underneath a turtle, for example, by doing a bit of funky math.

show sample "frog [50 50]

saveimage

shapes and graphics

image | filename

none

Saves an internally stored image. Useful for saving internally created or modified images.

saveimage "myimage "imagefile

savemodel

shapes and graphics

modelname (word) | modelfile (word)

none

Saves the specified model name into the specified model file. See loadmodel

savemodel "mymodel "modelfile.mdl

savetag

shapes and graphics

tagname (word) | tagfile (word)

none

Saves the contents of the specified tag to the specified filename. See loadtag

savetag "mytag "tagfile

savetrack

shapes and graphics

filename

none

Saves the calling turtle’s ‘turtle track’ to a file.

savetrack

selectplot

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Selects the named plot for use with plot, unplot, plotcol. See plot

selectplot "myplot

setdotsize

shapes and graphics

size (number)

none

Sets the calling turtle’s dot size. All of a turtle’s dots are of the same size, but different turtles can have different-sized dots. See dotsize, dot, dotp.

setdotsize 5

setfillcolor setfc

shapes and graphics

color (number)

none

Sets the ‘fill’ color used by the turtle when creating shapes.

setfillcolor 3
setfillcolor blue

setfillshade setfs

shapes and graphics

shade (number)

none

Sets the shade of the fill color to be displayed when rendering subsequent shapes. It can be set to a number from 0 to 15, which represents a decrease in brightness of the fill color of 6.25 times that number. So, a value of 8 decreases the brightness by 50%. Negative shade values add 1/16th of the difference between each of the base RGB values of the color and 255

setfillshade 5

setfillopacity setfo

shapes and graphics

opacity (number)

none

Sets the fill opacity, takes a number from 0 to 100.

setfillopacity 50

seticosphereiterations

shapes and graphics

number

none

Sets the complexity of the icosphere, from 0 to 3

seticosphereiterations 3

setlinesnormal

shapes and graphics

vector (list)

none

Sets the ‘normal’ vector to be used by lightlines. All lines use the same vector. This is easiest taken from a turtle. Remember that if you take the forwarddir from Snappy, you will need to reverse it, using vectorsub! See lightlines

setlinesnormal vectorsub snappy:forwarddir [0 0 0]

setmarkerwidth

shapes and graphics

radius (number)

none

Sets the width of the mark primitive. The default is 2. See mark

setmarkerwidth 10

setoverlayresolution

shapes and graphics

name (word) | ratio (number)

none

Sets the resolution or pixel density of the named overlay, based on a ratio where 1 is 512 pixels by 384 pixels (at a 16:9 ratio)

setoverlayresolution "myrtlesview 2

setoverlaytransparency

shapes and graphics

name (word) | boolean

none

Turns on background transparency for the specified overlay. If transparency is off, the background color in the overlay view is solid.

setoverlaytransparency "myrtlesview on

setoverlayupdate

shapes and graphics

name (word) | frames per second (number)

none

Sets the update frequency of the named overlay to the provided number of frames per second. See newoverlay

setoverlayupdate "myrtlesview 10

setpencolor setpc

shapes and graphics

color (number)

none

Sets the pen color to the provided color index. Note that there are a number of color functions that return their corresponding numbers, such as yellow and blue, that can be used in place of a number. See colors

setpencolor yellow
setpc 13

setpenshade setps

shapes and graphics

shade (number)

none

Sets the shade of the pen color to be displayed when rendering subsequent lines. It can be set to a number from 0 to 15, which represents a decrease in brightness of the pen color of 6.25 times that number. So, a value of 8 decreases the brightness by 50%.

setpenshade 5

setropesides

shapes and graphics

sides (number)

none

Sets the number of sides of the cylinder created by the rope primitive. The default is 10. See rope, ropesides

setropesides 3

setropewidth

shapes and graphics

number

none

Sets the radius of the ‘rope’. See rope, ropewidth, ropesides

setspecklecolors

shapes and graphics

list

none

Takes a list of colors to be used in the generation of speckle patterns. If you want to weight a random speckle towards a particular color, simply include it more than once in the request, such as the example below.

setspecklecolors [1 1 1 1 2 2 3]
setspecklecolors {:col1 :col1 :col2}

setspeckleplot

shapes and graphics

plotname (word)

none

Selects the name of the plot to use to generate a speckle, if using the plot style with speckle.

setspeckleplot "myplot

setspecklesize

shapes and graphics

turtleSteps

none

Sets the pixel size used in generating speckles, in turtleSteps.

setspecklesize 1

setspecklestyle

shapes and graphics

“styletype

none

Selects the style to use when generating speckles. You can choose from “repeat “dither “random or “plot.

setspecklestyle "random

setspheroidaxis

shapes and graphics

boolean

none

Sets the axis by which spheroids are stretched. 0 is equatorial while 1 is polar. See spheroidaxis

setspheroidaxis 1

settypedelay

shapes and graphics

60ths-of-a-second (number)

none

Sets a delay between the rendering of each letter rendered by ‘typeset’. This delay is specified in 60ths of a second – 60 equalling one second. See typeset

settypedelay 60

settypedepth

shapes and graphics

turtle-units (number)

none

Sets the depth of three-dimensional type created by ‘typeset’. See typeset

settypedepth 3

settypefont

shapes and graphics

font-id (number)

none

Sets the font used for ‘typeset’. Default is 1. See settextfont

settypefont 1

settypefilled

shapes and graphics

boolean

none

If set true (default), typeset and inscribe create ‘filled’ characters. If false, they create lined cube characters.

settypefilled false

settypesize

shapes and graphics

size (number)

none

Sets the size (in turtle units) of the font used by typeset and inscribe. See typeset

settypesize 10

settypestretch

shapes and graphics

ratio

none

Stetches text rendered using typeset or inscribe by the specified ratio.

settypestretch 2

setview sv

shapes and graphics

turtle (word)

none

Sets the current “view turtle” – the turtle from whose viewpoint the display is generated.

setview "myrtle

setviewfar

shapes and graphics

distance (number)

none

Sets the far clipping plane, the distance at which OpenGL objects stop being rendered or are clipped. This must be set by the view turtle. See setviewnear

setviewfar 1000

setviewfov

shapes and graphics

angle (number)

none

Sets the turtle’s viewing angle, the angle of view displayed in the window. The default is 60

setviewfov 60

setviewnear

shapes and graphics

distance (number)

none

Sets the near clipping plane. OpenGL objects closer than this distance are not rendered or are clipped. This must be set by the view turtle. See setviewfar

setviewpoint

shapes and graphics

list

none

Positions the view by the provided [X (left-right) Y (down-up) Z (back-forward)] list of turtle units, where a negative value has the first effect and a positive value has the second effect.

setviewpoint [10 -10 0]

setviewvectors

shapes and graphics

vectors (list)

none

Sets arbitrary view vectors for the current turtle. When selected as a view (camera) turtle, if viewvectors are set the display will always be rendered in the direction and orientation specified by those vectors, regardless of the turtle’s orientation. To return to using the turtle’s orientation, specify an empty list, eg: setviewvectors []

setviewvectors vectors

setzoom

shapes and graphics

percentage (number)

none

Sets the view turtle’s camera ‘zoom’ – the default is 100%

setzoom 50

shard

shapes and graphics

depth (number)

none

Creates a ‘shard’ or a three-dimensional fragment using the current and two previous turtle positions with a depth specified by its input parameter.

shard 10

showoverlay

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Shows the specified overlay. See newoverlay

showoverlay "myrtlesview

showplot

shapes and graphics

plotname (word)

none

Shows (all) the named plot(s). If you want to show / hide one specific instance of a placed plot (since you can place multiple), place them inside of a tag. See tag, hideplot, plot

showplot "myplot

showsticker

shapes and graphics

name (word)

none

Shows the sticker with the provided name. See placesticker

show "marquee

showtag

shapes and graphics

tag (word)

none

Shows (makes visible) the specified tag. See tag

showtag "mytag

showtrack

shapes and graphics

none

Shows the calling turtles ‘turtle track’ or visible output. See hidetrack

showtrack

speckle

shapes and graphics

none

Enables ‘speckling’ (generated pixelated texturing) of any following square, quad, voxel and voxeloid shapes. These are configured using setspecklestyle (repeat, random or plot), setspecklecolors, setspecklesize and optionally setspeckleplot. nospeckle disables speckling

speckle

specklecolors

shapes and graphics

none

list

Returns the currently defined speckle colors. See speckle

show specklecolors

speckleplot

shapes and graphics

none

word

Returns the plot currently used by speckle in the plot style. See setspecklestyle

show speckleplot

specklesize

shaoes and graphics

none

number

Returns the currently defined speckle size. See setspecklesize, speckle

show specklesize

specklestyle

shapes and graphics

none

word

Returns the current speckle style. See speckle

show specklestyle
"random

sphere

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number)

none

Creates a sphere of the specified radius using the specified number of stacks and the specified number of sectors. Small stack and sector values create interesting shapes. As opposed to icosphere

sphere 20 10 10

sphereslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectorstotal (number) | sectorsused (number)

none

Creates a partial sphere of the overall specified radius, using the specified number of vertical ‘stacks’, and specified number of horizontal ‘sectors’, based on the given total number of sectors, and the used (displayed) number of sectors. Like an orange cut vertically. See cutsphere, cutsphereslice

sphereslice 20 10 10 5

spheroid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | multiplier (number)

none

Creates an spheroid of a specified radius, stacks and sectors, stretched using the provided multiplier.

sphereoid 20 10 10 2

spheroidaxis

shapes and graphics

none

boolean

Returns the current spheroid axis, the axis along which spheroids are stretched. 0 is equatorial and 1 is polar.

show spheroidaxis

spheroidslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectorstotal (number) | sectorsused (number) | multiplier (number)

none

Creates a partial spheroid of the overall specified radius, using the specified number of vertical ‘stacks’, and specified number of horizontal ‘sectors’, based on the given total number of sectors, and the used (displayed) number of sectors, and stretched using the provided multiplier. Like a squashed orange cut vertically. See cutspheroid, cutspheroidslice

spheroidslice 20 10 10 5 2

spot

shapes and graphics

radius (number)

none

Creates a filled circle of the specified radius.

spot 50

square

shapes and graphics

size (number)

none

Creates a filled square of the specified size.

square 20

stamp

shapes and graphics

modelname (word)

none

‘Stamps’ a copy of the specified model at the current location using the current model scale.

cs pu repeat 20 [setmodelscale repcount / 10 stamp "plane fd 3 * repcount]

stickers

shapes and graphics

none

list

Returns the currently defined stickers. See newsticker

show stickers

switchtag

shapes and graphics

tag1 (word) | tag2 (word)

none

Hides tag1 and shows tag2, like flipping a switch. See tag

switchtag "tag1 "tag2

tag

shapes and graphics

name (word)

list

Returns the contents of a tag, as a list of turtle primitives. See begintag

show tag "mytag

tent

shapes and graphics

half-width (number) | height (number) | depth (number)

none

Creates an opaque (solid) prism to the left, right and front of the turtle.

tent 10 10 5

tetrahedron

shapes and graphics

size (number)

none

Creates a tetrahedron (4-sided shape) of the specified size.

tetrahedron 5

tetrahedroid

shapes and graphics

size (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a tetrahedroid (4-sided shape) of the specified size and stretched using the specified ratio.

tetrahedroid 5 2
tetrahedroid 10 0.5

toroid

shapes and graphics

thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | segments (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a torusoid, an extruded three-dimensional ring, stretched by a ratio where 1 is a normal torus.

torus 10 30 4 16 0.5

toroidslice

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a ‘slice’ of a torus, based on the startsides and endsides value. Note that using a negative thickness value inverts the slice.

torusslice 5 15 20 20 10 15
torusslice -5 15 20 20 10 15

torus

shapes and graphics

thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | segments (number)

none

Creates a torus, also known as a rhombus or a donut, a three-dimensional ring. Sides and segments can be as low as 3.

torus 10 30 4 16

track

shapes and graphics

none

Allows the calling turtle’s track to be created. See notrack

track

trackcount

shapes and graphics

none

number

Returns the number of items in the current turtle’s track.

show trackcount

trackitem

shapes and graphics

number

list

Returns the number last track item in the selected turtle’s track, where 1 returns the latest track entry

show trackitem 1

tracklist

shapes and graphics

number

list

Returns the last number latest track items in forward chronological order, the first being the oldest and the last being the newest and most recent.

show tracklist 5

trackrender

shapes and graphics

none

Causes the calling turtle’s ‘track’ to be rendered (updated) by the graphics renderer from the point it is called onwards. See notrackrender

trackrender

triangle

shapes and graphics

width (number) | height (number)

none

Creates a wireframe (pen-drawn) right-angle triangle to the front and right of the turtle.

triangle 10 20

tube

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

none

Creates a hollow tube.

tube 10 20 20

tubearc

shapes and graphics

thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number)

none

Creates a tube arc.

tubearc 5 15 20 20 10

tubearcoid

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a tube arcoid (extruded based on the provided ratio).

tubearcoid 5 15 20 20 10 2

tubearcslice

shapes and graphics

Creates a slice of a partial tube. Note: If you invert the thickness value, you can ‘slice’ the opposite side.

tubearcslice 5 15 20 20 10 5 15

tubeslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

none

Creates a ‘slice’ of a tube, based on the sidestotal and sidesused values.

tubeslice 20 20 10 4

tuboid

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a tuboid, or stretched tube.

tuboid 10 20 20 0.5

tuboidarc

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a tube arc extruded by the provided ratio.

tuboidarc 5 15 20 20 10 2

tuboidarcslice

shapes and graphics

none

Creates a tube arc sliced by the provided sides values and extruded by the provided ratio.

tuboidarcslice 5 15 20 20 10 10 15 2

tuboidslice

shapes and graphics

radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number) | ratio (number)

none

Creates a stretched ‘slice’ of a tube, based on the sidestotal and sidesused values, and the stretching ratio (normal is 1, half is 0.5, double is 2 etc.)

tuboidslice 10 20 20 10 0.5
tuboidslice 10 20 20 10 2

twosided

shapes and graphics

none

Lights both sides of the surface of a shape. Useful for shapes where both sides of the surface are visible. The default is that they are unlit. Whether to use twosided or not is a purely stylistic choice in most cases. See notwosided, which turns twosided off.

twosided

typeset

shapes and graphics

word or [list]

Typeset renders the provided word or list as three-dimensional text to the right of the turtle one character at a time, moving the turtle to the right as it does so.

typeset [Welcome to turtlespaces!]

typeset {[Happy New Year] year [!]}

typedepth

shapes and graphics

none

depth (number)

Returns the current depth of text rendered using typeset. See typeset

show typedepth

typefont

shapes and graphics

none

font (number)

Returns the index of the font used by typeset. See typeset

show typefont

typesize

shapes and graphics

none

size (number)

Returns the size of the text rendered by typeset. See typeset.

show typesize

typestretch

shapes and graphics

none

size (number)

Returns the ratio by which text rendered by typeset will be stretched. See typeset.

show typestretch

unplot

shapes and graphics

co-ordinates [list]

none

‘Unplots’ or removes the pixel / voxel from the selected plot at the provided co-ordinates. The list of coordinates may contain two or three numbers, depending on if the selected plot is two- or three-dimensional. See plot

unplot [10 10]
unplot [20 10 10]

viewfar

shapes and graphics

none

turtle-units (number)

Returns the value of the far clipping plane. See setviewfar

show viewfar

viewfov

shapes and graphics

none

angle (number)

Returns the current viewing angle, or field of view. See setviewfov

show viewfov

viewnear

shapes and graphics

none

turtle-units (number)

Returns the current near clipping plane. See setviewnear

show viewnear

viewvectors

shapes and graphics

none

list

Returns the calling turtle’s view vectors. See setviewvectors

show viewvectors

voxel

shapes and graphics

turtle-steps

none

Creates a filled cube turtle-steps wide, high and deep to the right, forward and down of the turtle.

voxel 20

voxeloid

shapes and graphics

turtle-steps-right turtle-steps-forward turtle-steps-deep

none

Creates a filled cuboid to the right, forward and down of the turtle.

voxeloid 10 20 30

wedge

shapes and graphics

turtle-steps-right turtle-steps-forward

Creates a filled right-angle triangle turtle-steps-right from the turtle and turtle-steps-forward from the turtle in dimensions.

wedge 20 4

Shapes and Graphics

shapes and graphics