shapes and graphics

amigaball ab

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number)

Returns:   none

Creates an ‘Amiga ball’, a sphere that alternates sectors between the pen color and the fill color.

amigaball 50 10 20

amigaballoid abo

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   Creates a stretched or flattened Amiga ball, based on the supplied ratio. Respects setspheroidaxis

amigaballoid 50 10 20 0.5

appendtrack

Takes:   “turtlea (word) | “turtleb (word)

Returns:   none

Appends “turtlea’s track (its movements and graphics) to the end of “turtleb’s track. See copytrack

appendtrack "myrtle "bob

arc

Takes:   degrees | radius

Returns:   none

Creates an arc. The arc is created around the turtle, and the turtle does not move. For arcs the turtle moves along, see leftarc, rightarc

arc 90 20

backgroundshade

Takes:   none

Returns:   shade (number)

Returns the current background shade value. See setbackgroundshade

show backgroundshade

begintag

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Begins a ‘tag’, that is a grouping of movements, turtle parameter changes and shapes present in the calling turtle’s ‘track’, or output. The tag is closed with endtag. If there is an open tag when begintag is called, it closes the previous tag. These tagged groups can be used for creating turtle models using newmodel, can be hidden or shown using hidetag or showtag, or copied using copytag

begintag "newtag

billboard

Takes:   name (word) | dimensions (list)

Returns:   none

Creates a ‘billboard’ using the specified image and the specified list of dimensions [x y]. See sample

billboard "marquee [100 200]

box

Takes:   size (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a lined square of the specified size. If the parameter is supplied as a single-item list, the box is centered on the turtle. See rect

box 20
box [20]

cappedcutsphere

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | minstack (number) | maxstack (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a truncated, or cut, sphere with caps on the cut ends. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. See cappedcutspheroid

cappedcutsphere 30 14 32 4 13

cappedcutspheroid

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | minstack (number) | maxstack (number) | ratio

Returns:   none

Creates a truncated, or cut, spheroid with caps on the cut ends stretched by the specified ratio. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. See cappedcutspheroid, setspheroidaxis

cappedcutspheroid 30 14 32 4 13 2

cappeddome

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a ‘capped’ dome, a dome with a circle ‘sealing’ its bottom. See dome, cappeddomoid

cappeddome 30 20 20

cappeddomoid

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | ratio

Returns:   none

Creates a capped dome stretched by the given ratio. See cappeddome, setspheroidaxis

cappeddomoid 30 20 20 0.5

cappedsphereslice

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectorstotal (number) | sectorsused (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a partial sphere of the overall specified radius, using the specified number of vertical ‘stacks’, and specified number of horizontal ‘sectors’, based on the given total number of sectors, and the used (displayed) number of sectors. Like an orange cut vertically. See cutsphere, cutsphereslice

sphereslice 20 10 10 5

cappedspheroidslice

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectorstotal (number) | startsector (number) | endsector (number) | multiplier (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a partial spheroid of the overall specified radius, using the specified number of vertical ‘stacks’, and specified number of horizontal ‘sectors’, based on the given total number of sectors, and the startsector and endsector values, and stretched using the provided multiplier. Like a squashed orange cut vertically. See cutspheroid, cutspheroidslice

spheroidslice 20 10 10 5 10 2

circle cir

Takes:   radius

Returns:   none

Creates a lined circle at the specified radius around the turtle

circle 50
repeat 18 [circle 50 rr 10]

clean

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Erases the ‘turtle track’ (graphics) belonging to the current turtle without changing its position or state. Useful when a turtle is not actually drawing graphics but is itself a graphic element (for example, in a game) to ensure that its movements don’t build up in its track and slow down execution. To use clean in this context, simply place it at the end of the turtle’s “run loop”.

clean

cleanspace

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Cleans all turtles in the current space. See clean

cleanspace

clearallfrozen

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Erases all of the non-system turtles’ frozen tracks, or all frozen tracks in all turtles if called by a system turtle.

clearfrozen

clearallterrain

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Clears all terrain in all spaces.

clearallterrain

clearfrozen

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Erases all of the calling turtle’s frozen tracks.

clearfrozen

clearimage

Takes:   imagename (word)

Returns:   none

Clears the specified image from memory.

clearimage "image

clearimages

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Clears all iamges from memory.

clearimages

clearmodel

Takes:   modelname (word)

Returns:   none

Removes the specified model from memory.

clearmodel "model

clearmodels

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Removes all user-defined models from memory.

clearmodels

clearplot

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Clears the named plot. See plot

clearplot "myplot

clearscreen cs

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Clears the turtle’s ‘turtle track’ and sends the turtle to its home position.

clearscreen

clearterrain

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Clears all terrain defined in the current space. Terrain created by system turtles will only be cleared if clearterrain is called by a system turtle. See setterrain

clearterrain

clonetag

Takes:   sourcetagname (word) | copytagname (word)

Returns:   none

Clones a turtle’s tag and puts the new copy at the end of its ‘turtle track’. See tag

clonetag "oldtag "newtag

color

Takes:   number

Returns:   list

color returns the red, green and blue values of the specified color

show color 5
[128 128 128]

show color brown
[128 80 0]

colors

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns a list of lists containing all of the colors’ RGB values in order of color index, eg with the first list being [0 0 0] (black) and the 16th list being white [255 255 255]. For an easier-to-read version, see listcolors

show colors

cone cn

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   Creates a cone pointing downward from and centered on the calling turtle.

cone 20 10 20

coneslice csl

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a sliced cone.

coneslice 20 20 20 10

conoid cno

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   Creates a conoid, a cone stretched or compressed based on the provided ratio (1 is normal, 2 is stretched twice as much, 0.5 half as much, etc.)

conoid 20 40 20 2

conoidslice cosl

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a sliced conoid.

conoidslice 20 20 20 10 2

copytag

Takes:   tag (word) | turtle (word)

Returns:   none

Copies a tag from the calling turtle to the named turtle, at the end of the named turtle’s turtle track.

copytag "tag "turtle

copytrack

Takes:   “turtlea (word) | “turtleb (word)

Returns:   none

Copies “turtlea’s track (its movements and graphics) to “turtleb, overwriting “turtleb’s existing track. See appendtrack

copytrack "myrtle "bob

csall

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Causes all turtles to clear their turtle tracks and return to their starting positions.

csall

cube cb

Takes:   size

Returns:   none

Creates a wireframe cube of the specified size

cube 20

cuboid cbo

Takes:   width | height | depth

Returns:   none

Creates a wireframe cuboid of the specified dimensions

cuboid 30 20 10

cutcone cc

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a truncated, or cut, cone. See cone

cutcone 10 20 30 30

cutconeslice ccs

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

Returns:   none

Creats a cut, sliced cone. See coneslice

cutconeslice 20 40 20 20 10

cutconoid cco

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a truncated, or cut, conoid, stretched based on the provided ratio. See conoid

cutconoid 10 20 30 30 2###

cutconoidslice ccos

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cut, sliced conoid, stretched based on the provided ratio. See conoid

cutconoidslice 10 20 30 30 15 2

cutfunnel cf

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cut funnel (an uncapped cut cone).

cutfunnel 20 10 20 20

cutfunneloid cfo

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cut funneloid (an uncapped cut conoid).

cutfunneloid 20 30 20 20 0.5

cutfunneloidslice cfos

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cut, sliced funneloid (an uncapped cut conoid).

cutfunneloidslice 20 30 20 20 10 0.5

cutfunnelslice cfs

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a sliced, cut funnel (an uncapped cut cone).

cutfunnelslice 20 10 20 20 10

cutsphere csp

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | minstack (number) | maxstack (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a truncated, or cut, sphere. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. See sphere

cutsphere 30 14 32 4 13

cutsphereslice css

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | totalsectors (number) | minstack (number) | maxstack (number) | usedsectors (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a sliced and cut sphere. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. Displays the portion specified by totalsectors and usedsectors. See sphereslice, cutsphere

cutsphereslice 30 20 20 5 15 10

cutspheroid cso

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | minstack (number) | maxstack (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a truncated, or cut, sphere, stretched by the provided ratio. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. See spheroid

cutspheroid 30 14 32 4 13 0.5

cutspheroidslice csos

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | totalsectors (number) | minstack (number) | maxstack (number) | startsector (number) | endsector (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a sliced and cut spheroid. Can be cut on the top, bottom, or both based on specified minstack and maxstack values. Displays the portion specified by startsector and endsector. Is stretched by the ratio provided. See spheroidslice, cutspheroid

cutspheroidslice 30 20 20 5 15 5 10 2

cylinder cy

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cylinder

cylinder 20 30 10

cylinderarc cya

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a partial torus, or curved cylinder.

cylinderarc 5 15 20 20 10

cylinderarcslice cyas

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number) | startsides (number) | endsides (number)

Returns:   Creates a slice of a partial torus, or curved cylinder. Note: If you invert the thickness value, you can ‘slice’ the opposite side.

cylinderarcslice 5 15 20 20 10 5 15

cylinderslice cys

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | totalsides (number) | slicesides (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a rounded wedge shape, like a slice of a round of cheese, starting at the turtle’s right vector and moving counter-clockwise.

cylinderslice 20 10 20 10

cylindroid cyo

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cylindoid

cylindroid 20 30 10 2

cylindroidarc cyoa

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cylinder arc extruded by the provided ratio.

cylindroidarc 5 15 20 20 10 2

cylindroidarcslice cyoas

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | totalsides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number) | startsides (number) | endsides | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cylinder arc sliced by the provided sides values and extruded by the provided ratio.

cylindroidarcslice 5 15 20 20 10 10 15 2

cylindroidslice cyos

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | totalsides (number) | slicesides (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a stretched rounded wedge shape, like a slice of a round of cheese, starting at the turtle’s right vector and moving counter-clockwise, and stretched using the provided ratio, where 1 is normal, 0.5 is half, 2 is double etc.

cylindroidslice 20 10 20 10 0.5

definecolor dfw

Takes:   index (number) | list or word

Returns:   none

definecolor takes an index number from 0 to 63 and either a list of three values (representing red, green, and blue) with a value from 0 to 100, or a 6-character word representing a color’s RGB values in hexadecimal format, for example ab1274. The color palette defined by definecolor is used for pen and fill colors. To use definecolor to alter the colors used in a turtle model, definecolor must be used inside the turtle model definition. For text colors see definetextcolor

definecolor 20 [50 20 90]
definecolor 21 "ab1274

definecolors

Takes:   list of lists

Returns:   none

Defines all 64 color palettes based on the provided list of 64 RGB (0-100) values.

definecolors colors

deleteoverlay

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Deletes the named overlay.

deleteoverlay "myrtlesview

deleteplot

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Deletes the named plot. See plot

deleteplot "myplot

deletesticker

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Deletes the sticker with the specified name. See placesticker.

deletesticker "marquee

dodecahedron dod

Takes:   size (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a dodecahedron (12-sided shape) of the specified size.

dodecahedron 5

dodecahedroid dodo

Takes:   size (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a dodecahedroid (12-sided shape) of the specified size and stretched using the specified ratio.

dodecahedroid 5 2
dodecahedroid 10 0.5

dome dm

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a dome

dome 20 10 10

domoid dmo

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | stretch (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a stretched dome.

domoid 20 10 10 2

doppel

Takes:   modelname (word)

Returns:   none

Like stamp, except creates a reference to the provided model rather than copying the model into the turtle track. This means that if the model changes, its doppel representation will also change.

doppel "myrtle

dot

Takes:   [x y (z)] (list)

Returns:   none

Puts a dot at the specified co-ordinates using the specified _pen_ color (this is for Apple Logo compatibility). If z is not specified, z = 0. Dots are removed by clearscreen but not clean (this is a slight deviation from Apple Logo’s behavior, for utility.) See dots, dotp, dotsize.

dot [10 10]

dots

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns a list of the co-ordinates of all the dots currently in the calling turtle’s turtle track. See dot, dotp

show dots

dotsize

Takes:   none

Returns:   size (number)

Returns the calling turtle’s current dot size. See setdotsize, dot, dotp.

show dotsize

duocutconoid dcc

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio1 (number) | ratio2 (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cut conoid with two different oid (stretch) ratios, one for each end. See cutconoid, duocutfunneloid

duocutconoid 20 30 20 20 0.5 2

duocutfunneloid dcfo

Takes:   radiusnear (number) | radiusfar (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio1 (number) | ratio2 (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cut funneloid (an uncapped cut conoid) with two different oid (stretch) ratios, one for each end. See cutfunneloid

duocutfunneloid 20 30 20 20 0.5 2

duocylindroid dco

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio1 (number) | ratio2 (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a cylindroid with two different oid (stretch) ratios, one for each end. See cylindroid, duotuboid

duocylindroid 20 20 20 0.5 2

duotuboid dto

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio1 (number) | ratio2 (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a tuboid, or stretched tube, with two different oid (stretch) values, one for each end. Can be used to transition between non-oids and oids, or between two oids. See tuboid

duotuboid 10 20 20 0.5 2

elevation

Takes:   [x y] (list)

Returns:   elevation (number)

Returns the elevation of the terrain at the provided co-ordinates. See setelevation, setterrain

show elevation [10 20]

ellipse ell

Takes:   width (number) | height (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a pen-drawn ellipse of the specified width and height.

ellipse 50 20

endmark

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Creates a half-oval “ending” mark. See mark, startmark

endmark

endrope

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Creates a dome “end” to a rope. See rope, startrope

endrope

endtag

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Closes the currently open tag. See tag

endtag

erasefrozen

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Erases the frozen track of the given name. See freeze, thaw

erasefrozen "frozentrack

erasetag

Takes:   tag (word)

Returns:   none

Erases the named tag and its contents.

erasetag "mytag

fill

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Currently does nothing. This is OpenGL not Photoshop!

fillcolor

Takes:   none

Returns:   number

Returns the fill color currently used by the selected turtle.

print myrtle:fillcolor
7

fillopacity

Takes:   none

Returns:   opacity (number)

Returns the current fill opacity

show opacity

fiso

Takes:   width height

Returns:   none

Creates a filled isosceles triangle with the center of its base at the root of the selected turtle and aligned with the turtle’s orientation. See iso.

fiso 20 10

frag

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Makes a triangle from the current position and previous two turtle positions.

forward 20 right 90 forward 20 frag

freeze

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

‘Freezes’ the calling turtle’s track with the given name, and then switches to a new ’empty’ turtle track, keeping the frozen track visible. Note that frozen tracks are unaffected by reset, clearscreen and need to be erased using thaw, erasefrozen or clearfrozen. If the parameter provided to freeze is given in the form of a single-item list, freeze will overwrite an existing frozen track, otherwise it will throw an error. See thaw, hidefrozen, showfrozen, listfrozen, frozen, erasefrozen and clearfrozen

freeze "mytrack

frozen

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns a list of the calling turtle’s frozen track. See freeze, thaw.

show frozen

funnel fu

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   Creates a funnel (an uncapped cone).

funnel 20 20 20

funnelslice fus

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a sliced funnel.

funnelslice 20 20 20 10

funneloid fuo

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   Creates a funneloid (an uncapped conoid).

funneloid 20 20 20 0.5

funneloidslice fuos

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a sliced funneloid.

funneloidslice 20 20 20 10 2

gradient

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Causes lines, squares, quads, spots, polyspots, spheres, toruses, voxels, cylinders, cylinderarcs, tubes, funnels, cones and pyramids to graduate in color from the pencolor value to the fillcolor value. nogradient disables it. See gradientp

cs gradient randpc randfc repeat 36 [fd 100 rt 170]

hidefrozen

Takes:   word

Returns:   none

Hides the specified frozen track. See freeze, thaw, showfrozen

hidefrozen "frozentrack

hideoverlay

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Hides the specified overlay. See newoverlay

hideoverlay "myrtlesview

hideplot

Takes:   plotname (word)

Returns:   none

Hides (all) the named plot(s). If you want to show / hide one specific instance of a placed plot (since you can place multiple), place them inside of a tag. See tag, showplot, plot

hideplot "myplot

hidesticker

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Hides the sticker specified by the provided name parameter. See placesticker

hidesticker "marquee

hidetag

Takes:   tagname (word)

Returns:   none

Hides the specified tag from displaying. Be aware that this can alter the display of the rest of the turtle track, as the position of the turtle may be altered by the absence of the tag contents from rendering! To solve this problem, call ‘setposition position’ after calling ‘endtag’ when closing a tag. Then, when you hide the tag, the turtle will still end up in the place it lands when the tag is visible, and the remainder of the turtle track rendering will not be disrupted.

hidetag "mytag

hideterrain

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Hides the terrain in the current space. See showterrain.

hideterrain

hidetrack

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Hides the calling turtle’s ‘turtle track’ or visible output. Make it visible again with showtrack.

hidetrack

icosphere ico

Takes:   radius (number)

Returns:   none

Creates an icosphere of a specified radius. See icosphereoid

icosphere 10

icospheroid icd

Takes:   radius (number) | multiplier (number)

Returns:   none

Creates an icosphereoid of a specified radius, stretched using the provided multiplier.

icosphereoid 10 2

images

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns a list of the currently defined images.

show images

inscribe

Takes:   word, number or list

Returns:   none

Renders text shapes alongside and to the front of the turtle rather than to the side (as with typeset) using the same size and color as typeset. Unlike typeset, the turtle does not move. See typeset.

repeat 8 [inscribe se char 32 repcount right 45]

iso

Takes:   width height

Returns:   none

Draws an isosceles triangle of the specified width and height, with the turtle positioned at the center of the lower side, and the triangle pointing in line with the turtle’s current orientation.

repeat 18 [iso 20 60 rollright 10]

lat

Takes:   size

Returns:   none

Creates a left-facing right-angle triangle. See rat

lat 20

lightlines

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Enables lighting for lines. Normally off by default. As lines have no ‘side’, their ‘normal’ (the direction in which light is reflected) needs to be manually set using setlinesnormal. nolightlines disables it.

lightlines

line

Takes:   length (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a line of the specified length in front of the calling turtle, without moving that turtle. Line does not respect penup / pendown

repeat 36 [if oddp repcount [line 20] else [line 40] rt 10]

lines

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Enables the drawing of OpenGL line primitives if the penwidth value is one or less. On by default. See nolines, which turns off the drawing of OpenGL lines for values less than one, and uses cylinders instead.

lines

listcolors

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Prints out the 64 (0-63) color indexes and their associated RGB values. See colors, showcolors

listcolors

listfrozen

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Lists the calling turtle’s frozen tracks. See freeze, thaw, showfrozen, frozen

listfrozen

listimages

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Lists the calling turtle’s images

listimages

listmodels

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Lists the calling turtle’s models

listmodels

listoverlays

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Prints a list of the currently defined overlays.

listoverlays

listplots

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Prints a list of the currently defined plots.

listplots

loadtag

Takes:   tagname (word) | tagfile (word)

Returns:   none

Loads the contents of the specified file into the specified tagname. loadtag creates a new tag at the end of the turtletrack if the tagname does not already exist. See savetag

loadtag "mytag "tagfile

loadtrack

Takes:   filename (word) or |url| (web)

Returns:   none

Loads the saved turtle track, replacing the current turtle track. See savetrack

loadtrack "turtletrack

mark

Takes:   turtle-units (number)

Returns:   none

Mark moves the turtle forward the specified turtle units, drawing a quad using the ‘marker’ rather than the pen. You can set the diameter of the ‘mark’ using setmarkerwidth

mark 10

merge

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Causes the turtle track of a hatchling to merge with its parent at the start of the parents turtle track. The hatchling’s turtle track is empty after the merge. See hatch

merge

modelscale

Takes:   none

Returns:   scale (number)

Returns the calling turtle’s current modelscale value. Default is 1. See setmodelscale

show modelscale

newmodel

Takes:   name (word) | tagname (word) or [command list] (list)

Returns:   none

Creates a new model, using either the contents of the specified tag, or the provided list of turtle commands. Note that due to the nature of models, setvectors does not work properly inside of a model definition. See setmodel

newmodel "sphere [icosphere 20]
newmodel "fromtag "tag

newoverlay

Takes:   name (word) | turtle (word)

Returns:   none

Creates a new camera ‘overlay’ or picture-in-picture with the specified name using the point of view of the specified turtle. You position the overlay on the screen using placeoverlay

newoverlay "myrtlesview "myrtle

newplot

Takes:   name (word) | dimensions (list)

Returns:   Defines a new plot (a grid of pixels or voxels) with the provided name, and of the provided dimensions. If the list has two numbers, a two-dimensional plot is created. If the list has three numbers, a three-dimensional plot is created. See placeplot

newplot “myplot [10 20]

newplot "myplot [5 5 5]

newsticker

Takes:   name (word) | image (word)

Returns:   none

Defines a new sticker using the provided image. See placesticker

loadimage "marqueeimage "marquee.png
newsticker "marqueesticker "marqueeimage

nextframe

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Waits until the next frame of video is rendered. Useful for creating smooth animations in combination with norender and render (eg render nextframe norender) by otherwise disabling rendering except for one nextframe per loop. Warning: If norender is currently set, nextframe will wait indefinitely!

render nextframe norender

nolines

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Disables the drawing of OpenGL line primitives if the penwidth value is one or less. Enabled by default. See lines, which turns on the drawing of OpenGL lines for values less than one, instead of using cylinders.

nolines

nolightlines

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Disables line lighting. See lightlines

nolightlines

norender

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Disables the renderer. There will be no updates to the graphical output while norender is enabled. This includes view turtle (camera) movement! Pressing the escape key will re-enable render, as will the render primitive. See render

norender

nospeckle

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Disables speckling of voxels and quads. See speckle

nospeckle

notrack

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Causes the calling turtle not to generate a track and erases any existing track without changing the turtle’s position, after which any shape and graphics primitives are ignored. See track

notrack

notrackrender

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Stops the calling turtle’s ‘track’ render from updating. Its current buffered render will continue to be displayed. This is handy for complex scene creation – you can choose to reveal parts of the scene as they are created. See trackrender, hidetrack, showtrack, render, norender

notrackrender

notwosided ntws

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Causes the surface of shapes to only be ‘lit’ from one side – in OpenGL parlance, only one side has ‘normals’. This is the default. If you wish both sides of a shape’s surface to be lit, invoke twosided. See twosided

notwosided

octahedron oct

Takes:   size (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a octahedron (8-sided shape) of the specified size, which is the distance to the farthest tips of the octahedron.

octahedron 5

octahedroid octo

Takes:   size (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a octahedroid (8-sided shape) of the specified size and stretched using the specified ratio.

octahedroid 5 2
octahedroid 10 0.5

oval

Takes:   width (number) | height (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a filled oval of the specified width and height. See ellipse

oval 50 20

overlays

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns a list of the currently defined overlays.

show overlays

peak

Takes:   width | height | depth

Returns:   none

Creates a lined wedge around and beneath the calling turtle. The width distance is the distance to one side of the turtle (the total width of the peak is double the provided width value).

peak 10 20 30

pen

Takes:   none

Returns:   word

Returns the pen state, PENUP or PENDOWN

show pen
PENUP

pencolor pc

Takes:   none

Returns:   number

Returns the current pen color.

show pencolor

pendown pd

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Puts the calling turtle’s ‘pen’ down (causes it to draw a line when moved).

pendown

penopacity

Takes:   none

Returns:   number

Returns the calling turtles pen opacity. See setpenopacity

shoe penopacity

penshade psh

Takes:   none

Returns:   shade (number)

Returns the current pen shade value. See setpenshade

show penshade

pensides

Takes:   none

Returns:   number

Returns the number of sides of the cylinder drawn by the pen primitives when penwidth > 1. See setpensides

show pensides

penup pu

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Lifts the calling turtle’s pen up, it won’t draw a line when it moves. See pendown

penup

pie

Takes:   degrees (number) | radius (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a pie-chart like object of the specified radius and degrees, starting at the turtle’s right vector and moving counter-clockwise.

pie 270 20

pin

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Drops a ‘pin’, for use with pinfrag and pinshard

pin

pinfrag

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Creates a ‘frag’ using the last three dropped ‘pins’. See pin, frag

pinfrag

pinshard

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Creates a ‘shard’ using the last three dropped ‘pins’. See pin, shard

pinshard

placeoverlay

Takes:   name (word) | [x1% y1% x2% y2%] (list)

Returns:   none

Places the named overlay on the screen over the list of co-ordinates which are specified in terms of percentages. See newoverlay

placeoverlay "myrtlesview [0 0 50 50]

placeplot

Takes:   name (word) | voxel / pixel size (list)

Returns:   none

Places the named plot at the current turtle position using pixels (by providing a list of two) or voxels (by providing a list of three)

placeplot "myplot [10 10]
would place a plot using pixels 10 turtle-units in size, while

placeplot "myplot [5 5 5]
would place a plot using voxels 5 turtle-units in size

placesticker

Takes:   name (word) | [x1% y1% x2% y2%] (list)

Returns:   none

Places the sticker with the provided name over the area of the screen specified by the provided list, which is in terms of percentages of the screen dimensions, where 100% is the right / bottom and 0% is the left / top. As the name suggests, a sticker is a static image which does not move with the camera view, as if you stuck a sticker to your display. See stickers, stickerp

loadimage "marquee "marquee.png
newsticker "marqueesticker "marquee
placesticker "marqueesticker [25 25 75 75]

plot

Takes:   coordinates (list)

Returns:   none

Plots a pixel / voxel at the specified co-ordinates in the currently selected plot. The list may contain two or three numbers depending on if the plot is two- or three-dimensional. See placeplot

plot [10 20]

plot [10 20 10]

plotcol

Takes:   coordinates (list)

Returns:   number

Returns the color (if any) of the specified pixel / voxel in the currently selected plot. The list of coordinates may contain two or three numbers, depending on if the selected plot is two- or three-dimensional. See plot

show plotcol [10 20]
show plotcol [10 20 10]

plotline

Takes:   start co-ordinates (list) | end co-ordinates (list)

Returns:   none

Plots a line from and including the first set of provided co-ordinates to and including the second set of provided co-ordinates. The co-ordinates may contain two or three numbers dependent on if the plot has two or three dimensions. See plot

plotline [1 1 1] [5 5 5]

plots

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns a list of the currently defined plots. See newplot, placeplot, plot

show plots

plottotrack

Takes:   plotname (word) | [x y z] list

Returns:   instructions (list)

Renders the given plot with the voxel size specified in the given list as a series of instructions that can be passed into setmodel to turn a plot directly into a turtle model (with the turtle’s position being the dead center of the plot). Using plottotrack in isolation will cause the turtle to render the plot. See plot

setmodel “model plottottrack “plot [1 1 1]
plottotrack “plot

poly

Takes:   radius (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   none

Draws a convex polygon of the specified radius and number of sides.

poly 10 6

polyellipse

Takes:   width (number) | height (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   none

Draws a convex polygon of the specified dimensions and sides.

polyellipse 20 10 10

polyoval

Takes:   width (number) | height (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a filled convex polygon of the specified dimensions and sides.

polyoval 10 20 5

polyspot ps

Takes:   radius (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   Creates a filled convex polygon of the specified radius and number of sides.

polyspot 20 5

prism pri

Takes:   width | height | depth

Returns:   Creates a lined prism to the right, forward and under the turtle.

prism 20 10 30

pyramid py

Takes:   size (number) OR [width height depth] (list)

Returns:   none

Creates a pyramid (5-sided shape) of the specified size.

pyramid 10
pyramid [5 10 20]

pyramoid pyo

Takes:   size (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a pyramoid (stretched pyramid) of the specified size and stretch ratio.

pyramoid 10 2

quad qd

Takes:   width | height

Returns:   Creates a ‘quad’, a two-dimensional filled rectangle of the specified width and height, to the front and right of the turtle, unless negative values are provided. If a list of a single item is provided for either parameter, quad will center the shape created on the appropriate turtle axis. See square

quad 20 10

quad -20 -10

ramp

Takes:   width (number) | height (number) | depth (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a filled wedge, or ‘ramp’ using the provided dimensions.

ramp 10 20 30

randomfillcolor randfc rfc

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Sets a random fill color (1 – 15) that is NOT the current fill color. See setfillcolor

randomfillcolor sphere 10

randomfillshade randfs rfs

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Sets a random fill shade value between -12 and 12. See setfillshade

randomfillshade

randompencolor randpc rpc

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Sets a random pen color (1 – 15) that is NOT the current pen color. See setpencolor

pendown repeat 10 [randvec randompencolor fd 100 home]

randompenshade randps rps

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Sets a random pen shade value between -12 and 12. See setpenshade

randpenshade

rat

Takes:   length

Returns:   none

Creates a filled isosceles right angle triangle with two sides of the same specified length.

rat 20

rect

Takes:   width (number) | height (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a pen-drawn rectangle of the specified width and height to the front and right of the current turtle, unless a parameter is supplied as a single-item list, in which case the rect is centered on the appropriate turtle axis. See quad, square

rect 10 20
rect [10] 20

replacetag

Takes:   name (word) | list

Returns:   none

Replaces the contents of the named tag with the contents of the provided list of turtle primitives.

replacetag "mytag [FD 20 RT 90 FD 20 RT 90]

resetmodel

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Resets the turtle’s model to its default.

resetmodel

resize

Takes:   imagename (word) | [width height] (list)

Returns:   none

Resizes the specified image and replaces it.

resize "image [100 50]

rhombus

Takes:   width (number) | height (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a 2D rhombus of the specified width and height.

rhombus 30 10

ring

Takes:   thickness (number) | inner radius (number) | segments (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a two-dimensional ring of the specified thickness, inner radius and segments. A segment number of 4 creates a square picture frame, while 3 creates a triangle. See ringarc

ring 10 30 10

ringarc

Takes:   thickness (number) | inner radius (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a partial ring of the specified number of segments. So, if the totalsegments specified were 10, an arcsegments value of 5 would create a half-ring.

ringarc 10 30 10 5

ringoid

Takes:   thickness (number) | inner radius (number) | segments (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a two-dimensional ring of the specified thickness, inner radius and segments, stretched by the provided ratio. See ring

ringoid 10 30 10 2

ringoidarc

Takes:   thickness (number) | inner radius (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a partial ringoid of the specified number of segments. So, if the totalsegments specified were 10, an arcsegments value of 5 would create a half-ring. If the arcsegments value provided is a list of two, the segments are created from the first value in the list to the second value. See ringarc, ringoid

ringoidarc 10 30 10 5
ringoidarc 5 10 20 [3 5]

sample

Takes:   image (word) | position (list)

Returns:   RGBA (list)

Sample returns a list of the RGBA values of the pixel at the specified position (given in terms of percentages, measured from the bottom-left corner of the image) in the specified loaded image. For example, sample “frog [50 50] will return the color of the pixel located at 50% of frog’s height, and 50% of frog’s width. Sample can be used to determine the color of a pixel underneath a turtle, for example, by doing a bit of funky math.

show sample "frog [50 50]

saveimage

Takes:   image | filename

Returns:   none

Saves an internally stored image. Useful for saving internally created or modified images.

saveimage "myimage "imagefile

savemodel

Takes:   modelname (word) | modelfile (word)

Returns:   none

Saves the specified model name into the specified model file. See loadmodel

savemodel "mymodel "modelfile.mdl

savetag

Takes:   tagname (word) | tagfile (word)

Returns:   none

Saves the contents of the specified tag to the specified filename. See loadtag

savetag "mytag "tagfile

savetrack

Takes:   filename

Returns:   none

Saves the calling turtle’s ‘turtle track’ to a file.

savetrack

selectplot

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Selects the named plot for use with plot, unplot, plotcol. See plot

selectplot "myplot

setdotsize

Takes:   size (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the calling turtle’s dot size. All of a turtle’s dots are of the same size, but different turtles can have different-sized dots. See dotsize, dot, dotp.

setdotsize 5

setelevation

Takes:   [x y elevation] list OR [[x y elevation][x2 y2 elevation2]…]]

Returns:   Sets the elevation height of the terrain at the specified x and y co-ordinates. If a floor value is set in the terrain impacted by setelevation, the elevation will be set to the floor value if it is greater than the elevation specified, unless the new elevation is provided as a list of a single value. setelevation can also take list of lists. See elevation, setterrain

setelevation [10 20 10]

setfillcolor setfc sfc

Takes:   color (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the ‘fill’ color used by the turtle when creating shapes.

setfillcolor 3
setfillcolor blue

setfillshade setfs sfs

Takes:   shade (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the shade of the fill color to be displayed when rendering subsequent shapes. It can be set to a number from 0 to 15, which represents a decrease in brightness of the fill color of 6.25 times that number. So, a value of 8 decreases the brightness by 50%. Negative shade values add 1/16th of the difference between each of the base RGB values of the color and 255

setfillshade 5

setfillopacity setfo

Takes:   opacity (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the fill opacity, takes a number from 0 to 100.

setfillopacity 50

seticosphereiterations sisi

Takes:   number

Returns:   none

Sets the complexity of the icosphere, from 0 to 3

seticosphereiterations 3

setlinesnormal

Takes:   vector (list)

Returns:   none

Sets the ‘normal’ vector to be used by lightlines. All lines use the same vector. This is easiest taken from a turtle. Remember that if you take the forwarddir from Snappy, you will need to reverse it, using vectorsub! See lightlines

setlinesnormal vectorsub snappy:forwarddir [0 0 0]

setmarkerwidth smw

Takes:   radius (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the width of the mark primitive. The default is 2. See mark

setmarkerwidth 10

setoverlayresolution

Takes:   name (word) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the resolution or pixel density of the named overlay, based on a ratio where 1 is 512 pixels by 384 pixels (at a 16:9 ratio)

setoverlayresolution "myrtlesview 2

setoverlaytransparency

Takes:   name (word) | boolean

Returns:   none

Turns on background transparency for the specified overlay. If transparency is off, the background color in the overlay view is solid.

setoverlaytransparency "myrtlesview on

setoverlayupdate

Takes:   name (word) | frames per second (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the update frequency of the named overlay to the provided number of frames per second. See newoverlay

setoverlayupdate "myrtlesview 10

setpencolor setpc spc

Takes:   color (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the pen color to the provided color index. Note that there are a number of color functions that return their corresponding numbers, such as yellow and blue, that can be used in place of a number. See colors

setpencolor yellow
setpc 13

setpenshade setps sps

Takes:   shade (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the shade of the pen color to be displayed when rendering subsequent lines. It can be set to a number from 0 to 15, which represents a decrease in brightness of the pen color of 6.25 times that number. So, a value of 8 decreases the brightness by 50%.

setpenshade 5

setpenopacity setpo

Takes:   number

Returns:   none

Sets the pen’s opacity. Takes a number from 0 to 100.

setpenopacity 50

setpensides

Takes:   sides (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the number of sides of the cylinder created by the pen primitives when the penwidth is > 1. The default is 10. See pensides

setpensides 3

setpenwidth spw setpw

Takes:   number

Returns:   none

Sets the width of the pen. If the penwidth is set higher than 1, cylinders are drawn instead of lines (as OpenGL has deprecated other line widths). You can also supply a list of two widths, the first being the starting width of the line, and the second being the ending width of the line. See setpensides to set the number of sides larger penwidths have. Note that because multiple pen sizes may now be used in the same creation, clearscreen resets the penwidth. See also mark (for wider, two-dimensional lines) and nolines (which causes lines one or less in thickness to be rendered using cylinders)

setpenwidth 5
setpenwidth [5 10]

setspecklecolors

Takes:   list

Returns:   none

Takes a list of colors to be used in the generation of speckle patterns. If you want to weight a random speckle towards a particular color, simply include it more than once in the request, such as the example below.

setspecklecolors [1 1 1 1 2 2 3]
setspecklecolors {:col1 :col1 :col2}

setspeckleplot

Takes:   plotname (word)

Returns:   none

Selects the name of the plot to use to generate a speckle, if using the plot style with speckle.

setspeckleplot "myplot

setspecklesize

Takes:   turtleSteps

Returns:   none

Sets the pixel size used in generating speckles, in turtleSteps.

setspecklesize 1

setspecklestyle

Takes:   “styletype

Returns:   none

Selects the style to use when generating speckles. You can choose from “repeat “dither “random or “plot.

setspecklestyle "random

setspheroidaxis ssa

Takes:   boolean

Returns:   none

Sets the axis by which spheroids are stretched. 0 is equatorial while 1 is polar. See spheroidaxis

setspheroidaxis 1

setterrain

Takes:   [x1 y1 x2 y2] (list) | [height floor ceiling] (list) | seed (number) | algorithm (word) OR [algorithm magnification] | style (word)

Returns:   none

Creates terrain on the z-plane between the specified x and y co-ordinates. These co-ordinates represent 10 turtle-units, and the output can be scaled using setterrainresolution. height specifies the maximum height in terms of single turtle-units, similarly scaled using setterrainresolution. The floor value specifies the lowest level rendered, and any values lower than that value are rendered at the floor level. Similarly, the ceiling value represents the highest value rendered, and anything higher is lowered to that value. The seed is provided to the algorithm that generates the terrain, the algorithm is the method used (currently only fbm and flat (no algorithm) are supported) and the style (voxel, line, triangle or combo (line and triangle) — note that combo uses the terraininterior color to render its lines). Providing a list containing the algorithm type and a multiplier allow you to ‘zoom in’ or out on the terrain, making it more dense and complex, or spacious and simple. Multiple blocks of terrain can be defined so long as they do not overlap. See terrain, setterrainresolution, setterraincolors, setterraininterior, setelevation, elevation, lockelevation, elevationsnap, unlockelevation

setterrain [-10 -10 10 10] [25] 25 "fbm "voxel

setterraincolors

Takes:   [[maxelev fillcolor fillshade][maxelev2 fillcolor fillshade]…] (list of lists)

Returns:   none

Sets the terrain colors used in subsequent terrain creation. Lower elevations override higher ones. See setterrain, terraincolors

setterraincolors [[10 2 0] [14 4 0] [18 15 0]]

setterraininterior

Takes:   number

Returns:   none

Sets the color of the interior of terrain subsequently generated using the setterrain primitive. See setterrain, setterraincolors

setterraininterior brown

setterrainresolution

Takes:   number

Returns:   none

Sets the ‘resolution’ of the terrain, or the size of each ‘sector’ in turtle-units within the terrain ‘grid’ which expands out from [0 0]. For example, the higher the terrainresolution is the larger each voxel is in the terrain in the voxel mode, and the more area the terrain covers. See setterrain, terrainresolution

setterrainreolution 5

settypedelay stde

Takes:   60ths-of-a-second (number)

Returns:   none

Sets a delay between the rendering of each letter rendered by ‘typeset’. This delay is specified in 60ths of a second – 60 equalling one second. See typeset

settypedelay 60

settypedepth std

Takes:   turtle-units (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the depth of three-dimensional type created by ‘typeset’. See typeset

settypedepth 3

settypefont stf

Takes:   font-id (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the font used for ‘typeset’. Default is 1. See settextfont

settypefont 1

settypefilled stfi

Takes:   boolean

Returns:   none

If set true (default), typeset and inscribe create ‘filled’ characters. If false, they create lined cube characters.

settypefilled false

settypesize sts

Takes:   size (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the size (in turtle units) of the font used by typeset and inscribe. See typeset

settypesize 10

settypestretch str

Takes:   ratio

Returns:   none

Stetches text rendered using typeset or inscribe by the specified ratio.

settypestretch 2

setview sv

Takes:   turtle (word)

Returns:   none

Sets the current “view turtle” – the turtle from whose viewpoint the display is generated.

setview "myrtle

setviewfar

Takes:   distance (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the far clipping plane, the distance at which OpenGL objects stop being rendered or are clipped. This must be set by the view turtle. See setviewnear

setviewfar 1000

setviewfov

Takes:   angle (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the turtle’s viewing angle, the angle of view displayed in the window. The default is 60

setviewfov 60

setviewnear

Takes:   distance (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the near clipping plane. OpenGL objects closer than this distance are not rendered or are clipped. This must be set by the view turtle. See setviewfar

setviewpoint

Takes:   list

Returns:   none

Positions the view by the provided [X (left-right) Y (down-up) Z (back-forward)] list of turtle units, where a negative value has the first effect and a positive value has the second effect.

setviewpoint [10 -10 0]

setviewvectors

Takes:   vectors (list)

Returns:   none

Sets arbitrary view vectors for the current turtle. When selected as a view (camera) turtle, if viewvectors are set the display will always be rendered in the direction and orientation specified by those vectors, regardless of the turtle’s orientation. To return to using the turtle’s orientation, specify an empty list, eg: setviewvectors []

setviewvectors vectors

setzoom

Takes:   percentage (number)

Returns:   none

Sets the view turtle’s camera ‘zoom’ – the default is 100%

setzoom 50

shard

Takes:   depth (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a ‘shard’ or a three-dimensional fragment using the current and two previous turtle positions with a depth specified by its input parameter.

shard 10

showfrozen

Takes:   word

Returns:   none

Shows the specified frozen track. See freeze, thaw, hidefrozen

showfrozen "frozentrack

showoverlay

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Shows the specified overlay. See newoverlay

showoverlay "myrtlesview

showplot

Takes:   plotname (word)

Returns:   none

Shows (all) the named plot(s). If you want to show / hide one specific instance of a placed plot (since you can place multiple), place them inside of a tag. See tag, hideplot, plot

showplot "myplot

showsticker

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Shows the sticker with the provided name. See placesticker

show "marquee

showtag

Takes:   tag (word)

Returns:   none

Shows (makes visible) the specified tag. See tag

showtag "mytag

showterrain

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Shows the terrain. See hideterrain, setterrain

showterrain

showtrack

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Shows the calling turtles ‘turtle track’ or visible output. See hidetrack

showtrack

skewfiso skf

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | degrees

Returns:   none

Creates a filled isosceles triangle “skewed” by the given number of degrees in the X axis. Negative degree values are an acceptable input. See fiso

skewfiso 50 100 45

skewiso ski

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | degrees

Returns:   none

Creates an isosceles triangle “skewed” by the given number of degrees in the X axis. Negative degree values are an acceptable input. See iso

skewiso 50 100 45

skewpyramid skp

Takes:   size (turtle-units) OR [width height depth] (list) | degrees X | degrees Z

Returns:   none

Creates a pyramid “skewed” by the specified number of degrees in the X and Z directions.

skewpyramid 50 45 45

skewpyramoid skpo

Takes:   size (turtle-units) OR [width height depth] | stretch (ratio) | degrees X | degrees Z

Returns:   none

Creates a pyramid “skewed” by the specified number of degrees in the X and Z directions, and stretched by the specified ratio

skewpyramoid 50 3 45 45

skewquad skq

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height (turtle-units) | degrees

Returns:   none

Creates a quad “skewed” by the specified number of degrees, a value which can be negative. See quad

skewquad 50 50 45

skewrect skr

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | degrees

Returns:   none

Creates a “skewed” rectangle of the given width and height, skewed by the specified number of degrees, a value which can be negative.

skewrect 100 50 -45

skewtraperect sktr

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | ratio | degrees

Returns:   none

Creates a “skewed” trapezoidal rectangle of the specified width and height, whose top is affected by the provided ratio and who is skewed by the specified number of degrees, a value which can be negative. See rect

skewtraperect 100 100 0.5 45

skewtrapevoxeloid skvo

Takes:   width | height | depth | ratio-W | ratio-D | degrees X | degrees Z

Returns:   none

Creates a skewed trapezoidal voxel, the width and depth of whose “top” or side in front of the turtle is stretched or contracted by the given ratios (depth and width), and who is then skewed by the given degree values in the X and Z axis, which can be negative. See trapevoxeloid

skewtrapevoxeloid 50 50 50 0.5 2 45 45

skewtrapezoid skt

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | ratio | degrees

Returns:   none

Creates a skewed trapezoidal quad of the specified width and height, whose top is affected by the provided ratio and who is skewed by the specified number of degrees, a value which can be negative.

skewtrapezoid 100 100 0.5 45

skewvoxeloid skv

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | depth | degrees X | degrees Z

Returns:   none

Creates a “skewed” voxeloid of the specified dimensions, distorted on the X and Z axis by the specified number of degrees, which can be negative.

skewvoxeloid 100 100 100 45 45

snapshot

Takes:   imagename (word)

Returns:   none

Takes a snapshot of the screen and places it into the internal image library with the given imagename. That image can then be used with ‘sample’ to provide basic 2D collision detection, or used on a ‘billboard’. See listimages, sample, billboard

snapshot "screenshot

speckle

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Enables ‘speckling’ (generated pixelated texturing) of any following square, quad, voxel and voxeloid shapes. These are configured using setspecklestyle (repeat, random or plot), setspecklecolors, setspecklesize and optionally setspeckleplot. nospeckle disables speckling

speckle

specklecolors

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns the currently defined speckle colors. See speckle

show specklecolors

speckleplot

Takes:   none

Returns:   word

Returns the plot currently used by speckle in the plot style. See setspecklestyle

show speckleplot

specklesize

Takes:   none

Returns:   number

Returns the currently defined speckle size. See setspecklesize, speckle

show specklesize

specklestyle

Takes:   none

Returns:   word

Returns the current speckle style. See speckle

show specklestyle
"random

sphere sph

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a sphere of the specified radius using the specified number of stacks and the specified number of sectors. Small stack and sector values create interesting shapes. As opposed to icosphere

sphere 20 10 10

sphereslice sphs

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectorstotal (number) | sectorsused (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a partial sphere of the overall specified radius, using the specified number of vertical ‘stacks’, and specified number of horizontal ‘sectors’, based on the given total number of sectors, and the used (displayed) number of sectors. Like an orange cut vertically. See cutsphere, cutsphereslice

sphereslice 20 10 10 5

spheroid spd

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectors (number) | multiplier (number)

Returns:   none

Creates an spheroid of a specified radius, stacks and sectors, stretched using the provided multiplier.

sphereoid 20 10 10 2

spheroidaxis

Takes:   none

Returns:   boolean

Returns the current spheroid axis, the axis along which spheroids are stretched. 0 is equatorial and 1 is polar.

show spheroidaxis

spheroidslice spds

Takes:   radius (number) | stacks (number) | sectorstotal (number) | startsector (number) | endsector (number) | multiplier (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a partial spheroid of the overall specified radius, using the specified number of vertical ‘stacks’, and specified number of horizontal ‘sectors’, based on the given total number of sectors, and the startsector and endsector values, and stretched using the provided multiplier. Like a squashed orange cut vertically. See cutspheroid, cutspheroidslice

spheroidslice 20 10 10 5 10 2

spot sp

Takes:   radius (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a filled circle of the specified radius.

spot 50

square sq

Takes:   size (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a filled square of the specified size. If the parameter is supplied as a single-item list, then the square is centered on the turtle.

square 20
square [20]

stamp

Takes:   modelname (word)

Returns:   none

‘Stamps’ a copy of the specified model at the current location using the current model scale.

cs pu repeat 20 [setmodelscale repcount / 10 stamp "plane fd 3 * repcount]

startmark

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Creates a half-oval “starting” mark. See mark, endmark

startmark

startrope

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Creates a half-dome starting “cap” to a rope. See rope, endrope

startrope

stickers

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns the currently defined stickers. See newsticker

show stickers

switchtag

Takes:   tag1 (word) | tag2 (word)

Returns:   none

Hides tag1 and shows tag2, like flipping a switch. See tag

switchtag "tag1 "tag2

synctrackrender

Takes:   turtles (list)

Returns:   none

Resumes rendering the tracks of all the named turtles simultaneously. Useful when animating to avoid desynchronization. See trackrender, notrackrender.

synctrackrender [myrtle shelly]

tag

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   list

Returns the contents of a tag, as a list of turtle primitives. See begintag

show tag "mytag

tags

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns a list of the current turtle’s defined tags.

show tags

tent

Takes:   half-width (number) | height (number) | depth (number)

Returns:   none

Creates an opaque (solid) prism to the left, right and front of the turtle.

tent 10 10 5

terrain

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns the parameters provided to the last invocation of the setterrain primitive. See setterrain

show terrain

terraincolors

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns the current terrain colors. New terrain generated will use these values. See setterraincolors

show terraincolors

terraininterior

Takes:   none

Returns:   number

Returns the current terraininterior value. New terrain generated will use this value. See setterraininterior

show terraininterior

terrainresolution

Takes:   none

Returns:   number

Returns the value of the terrainresolution. See terrainresolution, setterrain

show terrainresolution

tetrahedron th

Takes:   size (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a tetrahedron (4-sided shape) of the specified size.

tetrahedron 5

tetrahedroid tho

Takes:   size (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a tetrahedroid (4-sided shape) of the specified size and stretched using the specified ratio.

tetrahedroid 5 2
tetrahedroid 10 0.5

thaw

Takes:   name (word)

Returns:   none

Restores the named frozen turtle track, placing the turtle at its end. If the current track is not frozen before thawing, it is discarded. See freeze, hidefrozen, showfrozen, listfrozen, frozen, erasefrozen, clearfrozen

thaw "mytrack

toroid tro

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | segments (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a torusoid, an extruded three-dimensional ring, stretched by a ratio where 1 is a normal torus.

torus 10 30 4 16 0.5

toroidslice tros

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | startsides (number) | endsides (number) | ratio

Returns:   none

Creates a ‘slice’ of a torus, based on the startsides and endsides value. Note that using a negative thickness value inverts the slice.

toroidslice 5 15 20 20 10 15 2
toroidslice -5 15 20 20 10 15 2

torusslice trs

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | startsides (number) | endsides (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a ‘slice’ of a torus, based on the startsides and endsides value. Note that using a negative thickness value inverts the slice.

torusslice 5 15 20 20 10 15
torusslice -5 15 20 20 10 15

torus tr

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | segments (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a torus, also known as a rhombus or a donut, a three-dimensional ring. Sides and segments can be as low as 3.

torus 10 30 4 16

track

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Allows the calling turtle’s track to be created. See notrack

track

trackcount

Takes:   none

Returns:   number

Returns the number of items in the current turtle’s track.

show trackcount

trackitem

Takes:   number

Returns:   list

Returns the number last track item in the selected turtle’s track, where 1 returns the latest track entry

show trackitem 1

tracklist

Takes:   number

Returns:   list

Returns the last number latest track items in forward chronological order, the first being the oldest and the last being the newest and most recent.

show tracklist 5

trackrender

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Causes the calling turtle’s ‘track’ to be rendered (updated) by the graphics renderer from the point it is called onwards. See notrackrender

trackrender

traperect tre

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | ratio

Returns:   none

Creates a trapezoidal rectangle of the given width, height and with its far end contracted or expanded by the given ratio. See rect

traperect 50 50 2

trapevoxeloid tvo

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | depth | ratio-W | ratio-D

Returns:   none

Creates a trapezoidal voxel, whose far ‘end’ is affected by the given width and depth ratios.

trapevoxeloid 50 50 50 0.5 2

trapezoid tz

Takes:   width (turtle-units) | height | ratio

Returns:   none

Creates a quad whose far ‘end’ is expanded or contracted based on the provided ratio. See quad, skewtrapezoid

trapezoid 100 50 5

triangle tri

Takes:   width (number) | height (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a wireframe (pen-drawn) right-angle triangle to the front and right of the turtle.

triangle 10 20

tube tb

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a hollow tube.

tube 10 20 20

tubearc tba

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a tube arc.

tubearc 5 15 20 20 10

tuboidarc tboa

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a tube arcoid (extruded based on the provided ratio).

tuboidarc 5 15 20 20 10 2

tubearcslice tbas

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number) | startsides (number) | endsides (number)

Returns:   Creates a slice of a partial tube. Note: If you invert the thickness value, you can ‘slice’ the opposite side.

tubearcslice 5 15 20 20 10 5 15

tubeslice tbs

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a ‘slice’ of a tube, based on the sidestotal and sidesused values.

tubeslice 20 20 10 4

tuboid tbo

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sides (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a tuboid, or stretched tube.

tuboid 10 20 20 0.5

tuboidarc tboa

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | sides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a tube arc extruded by the provided ratio.

tuboidarc 5 15 20 20 10 2

tuboidarcslice tboas

Takes:   thickness (number) | radius (number) | totalsides (number) | totalsegments (number) | arcsegments (number) | startsides (number) | endsides | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a tube arc sliced by the provided sides values and extruded by the provided ratio.

tuboidarcslice 5 15 20 20 10 10 15 2

tuboidslice tbos

Takes:   radius (number) | depth (number) | sidestotal (number) | sidesused (number) | ratio (number)

Returns:   none

Creates a stretched ‘slice’ of a tube, based on the sidestotal and sidesused values, and the stretching ratio (normal is 1, half is 0.5, double is 2 etc.)

tuboidslice 10 20 20 10 0.5
tuboidslice 10 20 20 10 2

twosided tws

Takes:   none

Returns:   none

Lights both sides of the surface of a shape. Useful for shapes where both sides of the surface are visible. The default is that they are unlit. Whether to use twosided or not is a purely stylistic choice in most cases. See notwosided, which turns twosided off.

twosided

typeset

Takes:   word or [list]

Returns:   Typeset renders the provided word or list as three-dimensional text to the right of the turtle one character at a time, moving the turtle to the right as it does so.

typeset [Welcome to turtlespaces!]

typeset {[Happy New Year] year [!]}

typedepth

Takes:   none

Returns:   depth (number)

Returns the current depth of text rendered using typeset. See typeset

show typedepth

typefont

Takes:   none

Returns:   font (number)

Returns the index of the font used by typeset. See typeset

show typefont

typesize

Takes:   none

Returns:   size (number)

Returns the size of the text rendered by typeset. See typeset.

show typesize

typestretch

Takes:   none

Returns:   size (number)

Returns the ratio by which text rendered by typeset will be stretched. See typeset.

show typestretch

unplot

Takes:   co-ordinates [list]

Returns:   none

‘Unplots’ or removes the pixel / voxel from the selected plot at the provided co-ordinates. The list of coordinates may contain two or three numbers, depending on if the selected plot is two- or three-dimensional. See plot

unplot [10 10]
unplot [20 10 10]

viewfar

Takes:   none

Returns:   turtle-units (number)

Returns the value of the far clipping plane. See setviewfar

show viewfar

viewfov

Takes:   none

Returns:   angle (number)

Returns the current viewing angle, or field of view. See setviewfov

show viewfov

viewnear

Takes:   none

Returns:   turtle-units (number)

Returns the current near clipping plane. See setviewnear

show viewnear

viewvectors

Takes:   none

Returns:   list

Returns the calling turtle’s view vectors. See setviewvectors

show viewvectors

voxel vx

Takes:   turtle-steps or [turtle-steps]

Returns:   none

Creates a filled cube turtle-steps wide, high and deep to the right, forward and down of the turtle, unless the parameter is provided as a list, in which case the voxel is created around the turtle. See voxeloid.

voxel 20
voxel [20]

voxeloid vxo

Takes:   turtle-steps-right turtle-steps-forward turtle-steps-deep

Returns:   none

Creates a filled cuboid to the right, forward and down of the turtle. If any parameter is provided as a list, eg [20], then center the voxel on that axis. See voxel.

voxeloid 10 20 30
voxeloid 10 [20] 30
voxeloid [10] [20] [30]

wedge

Takes:   turtle-steps-right turtle-steps-forward

Returns:   Creates a filled right-angle triangle turtle-steps-right from the turtle and turtle-steps-forward from the turtle in dimensions.

wedge 20 4